He tells us the reason may have been because it defines the charge around a solitary electron as being caused by spontaneous creation of virtual electron-positron pairs which then magically disappear.  However being virtual means that they are very close to being something without actually being it.  In others words according to QED the force between two charged particles is something that it is not.

 I think most people would consider someone irrational if they tried to convince us the reason why they were late for work was because a swam of virtual or imaginary cars were blocking the road which disappeared after we showed up at work.

Shouldn’t we hold our scientists to the same degree of rationality?

Most who have studied the history of science are aware that Einstein was vehemently opposed to many of the fundamental components of quantum mechanics such as the existence of virtual particles.  Granted even though he was able, in his General Theory of Relativity to derive the force of gravity in terms of the geometry of space and time he was unable to describe or define electromagnetism or charge separation in the same terms, as was documented by the American Institute of Physics.

“From before 1920 until his death in 1955, Einstein struggled to find laws of physics far more general than any known before. In his theory of relativity, the force of gravity had become an expression of the geometry of space and time. The other forces in nature, above all the force of electromagnetism, had not been described in such terms. But it seemed likely to Einstein that electromagnetism and gravity could both be explained as aspects of some broader mathematical structure. The quest for such an explanation — for a “unified field” theory that would unite electromagnetism and gravity, space and time, all together — occupied more of Einstein’s years than any other activity.

However the symmetry of the mathematics he used to define his space-time environment may enable us to use his theories to bring them together and define the “reality” of charged particles without the existence of virtual ones.

For example the fact that he used the constant velocity of light and the geometric properties of space-time to define the energy provides a method of converting a unit of time he associated with it to a unit of space associated with position.  Additionally because the velocity of light is constant it allows for the defining of a one to one quantitative and qualitative correspondence between his space-time universe and one made up of four *spatial* dimensions.

This change in perspective allows one to qualitatively and quantitatively redefine the curvature in space-time he associated with gravity in terms of four *spatial* dimensions and is bases for assuming, as was done in the article “Defining energy?” Nov 27, 2007 that all forms of energy including gravitational and electrical can be derived in terms of a spatial displacement in a “surface” of a three-dimensional space manifold with respect to a fourth *spatial* dimension.

However this would have allowed Einstein to define and understand the forces associated with electromagnetic charge in terms of their spatial instead of time properties.

For example as was shown as was shown in the article “What is electromagnetism?“ Sept, 27 2007 one can derive the forces associated with the charge fluctuations in an electromagnetic wave in terms of the displacement caused by the “peaks” and “toughs” of a matter wave moving on the “surface” of a three dimensional space manifold with respect to a fourth *spatial* dimension.

Briefly it showed it is possible to derive the properties of electromagnetism by extrapolating the laws of Classical Wave Mechanics in a three-dimensional environment to a matter wave moving on it

A wave on the two-dimensional surface of water causes a point on that surface to be become displaced or rise above or below the equilibrium point that existed before the wave was present.  A force will be developed by the differential displacement of the surfaces, which will result in the elevated and depressed portions of the water moving towards or become “attracted” to each other and the surface of the water.

Similarly a matter wave on the “surface” of a three-dimensional space manifold with respect to a fourth *spatial* dimension would cause a point on that “surface” to become displaced or rise above and below the equilibrium point that existed before the wave was present.

Therefore, classical wave mechanics, if extrapolated  to four *spatial* dimensions tells us a force will be developed by the differential displacements caused by a matter wave moving on a “surface” of three-dimensional space with respect to a fourth *spatial* dimension that will result in its elevated and depressed portions moving towards or become “attracted” to each other.

This defines the causality of the attractive forces of unlike charges associated with the electromagnetic wave component of a photon in terms of a force developed by a differential displacement of a point on a “surface” of a three-dimensional space manifold with respect to a fourth *spatial* dimension.

However, it also provides a classical mechanism for understanding why similar charges repel each other because observations of water show that there is a direct relationship between the magnitudes of a displacement in its surface to the magnitude of the force resisting that displacement.

Similarly the magnitude of a displacement in a “surface” of a three-dimensional space manifold with respect to a fourth *spatial* dimension caused by two similar charges will be greater than that caused by a single one.  Therefore, similar charges will repel each other because the magnitude of the force resisting the displacement will be greater for two charges than it would be for a single charge.

One can define the causality of the electrical component of electromagnetic radiation in terms of the energy associated with the “peaks” and “troughs” of a matter wave that is directed perpendicular to its velocity vector while its magnetic component would be associated with the horizontal force developed by that perpendicular displacement.

However, Classical Mechanics tells us a horizontal force will be developed by that perpendicular or vertical displacement which will always be 90 degrees out of phase with it.  This force is called magnetism.

This is analogous to how the vertical force pushing up of on mountain also generates a horizontal force, which pulls matter horizontally towards the apex of that displacement.

Einstein was unable to accomplish this in terms of four-dimensional space-time because time is only observe to move in one direction forwards and therefore could not support the bi-directional movement required to support the electromagnetic component of a matter wave moving on its “surface”. 

However, as was shown above it also defines the forces associated charges and their separation in terms of the physical properties of the spatial dimensions without the need of assuming the existence of virtual or imaginary particles.

In other words it shows that change particles and their associated forces can be explained and predicted in terms of their relative position with respect to a fourth *spatial* dimension. 

Some would say that even if that were true it still cannot explain why those forces would be quantized.

However as was shown in the article in the article “Why is energy/mass quantized?” Oct. 4, 2007 can also derive the quantum mechanical properties of charges by extrapolating the physical properties of resonance in a three-dimensional environment to a matter wave moving on a “surface” of a three-dimensional space manifold with respect to a fourth *spatial* dimension.

Briefly it showed the four conditions required for resonance to occur in a classical Newtonian environment, an object, or substance with a natural frequency, a forcing function at the same frequency as the natural frequency, the lack of a damping frequency and the ability for the substance to oscillate spatial would occur in one consisting of four spatial dimensions.

The existence of four *spatial* dimensions would give the “surface” of a three-dimensional space manifold (the substance) the ability to oscillate spatially with respect to it thereby fulfilling one of the requirements for classical resonance to occur.

These oscillations would be caused by an event such as the decay of a subatomic particle or the shifting of an electron in an atomic orbital. This would force the “surface” of a three-dimensional space manifold with respect to a fourth *spatial* dimension to oscillate with the frequency associated with the energy of that event.

Therefore, these oscillations on a “surface” of three-dimensional space, would meet the requirements mentioned above for the formation of a resonant system or “structure” in space.
Observations of a three-dimensional environment show the energy associated with resonant system can only take on the incremental or discreet values associated with a fundamental or a harmonic of the fundamental frequency of its environment.

Similarly the energy associated with resonant systems in four *spatial* dimensions could only take on the incremental or discreet values associated a fundamental or a harmonic of the fundamental frequency of its environment.

In other words defining the quantum mechanical properties of energy/mass in terms of physical properties of four *spatial* dimensions eliminates the need to make irrational assumptions like the interaction of virtual with real particles is responsible for charges and their separation.

It should be remember Einsteinâ€s genius and the fact that he defined the geometry of space-time in terms of the constant velocity of light allows us to choose to define our universe as either a space-time environment or one consisting of four *spatial* dimension when. This interchangeability broadens the environment encompassed by his theories by making them applicable to both the spatial as well as the time properties of our universe giving us a new perspective on charges and their associated forces.

Latter Jeff

Copyright Jeffrey O’Callaghan 2015

The post Scientific irrationality: is it really necessary? appeared first on Unifying Quantum and Relativistic Theories.

Originally, many thought this was just a trick to simplify calculations.
But Michael Faraday, while researching electromagnetism discovered that a continuous field has real physical properties and therefore was able to convince others that is was more the just a calculating device.

However quantum mechanical assumes that all forces both attractive and repulsive are propagated by particles.

It is easy to understand how particles can be responsible for repulsive forces because our every day experiences tell us that a force is generated when two objects collide that causes them to move apart or repel each other.

However this is not the case with attractive forces because no has ever observed two objects moving towards or being attracted to each other after a collision.

Therefore scientists have to create or imagine what are called “virtual particles” which by their own admission do not exist, except in the math to explain attractive forces in terms of particle interaction.

Granted they assume that virtual particles exhibit some of the properties that “real” particles do, such as obedience to the conservation laws however they differ in that they when they collide or interact with “real” particles they cause them to attract instead of repulsing each other as is the case when two real particles interact.

One problem with this assumption is that no has or ever will observe a virtual photon because as mentioned earlier by definition they do not exist.  Another more damaging one is that it is very difficult to devise a realistic mechanism based on observations that can account for how something that does not exist in the real world can interact with something that does to cause the observed properties of a repulsive force. 

However one can define the mechanism responsible for both the attractive and repulsive forces of files by extrapolating observations of a classical three-dimensional environment to a fourth *spatial* dimension.

The reason why is because the force of a field effects the spatial not the time or space-time properties of an environment.

Einstein gave us the ability to do this when he used the constant velocity of light to define the geometric properties of space-time because it provided a method of converting a unit of time in a space-time environment to unit of space in four *spatial* dimensions   Additionally because the velocity of light is constant he also defined a one to one quantitative correspondence between his space-time universe and one made up of four *spatial* dimensions.

The advantage of this is that it allows one to define the physicality of faraday fields in terms of their observable spatial instead of their unobservable time properties.

For example the article “What is electromagnetic energy” Sep 27, 2009 showed one can physically derive the forces of electromagnetism by extrapolating the physical properties of a three-dimensional environment to a matter wave moving on a “surface” of a three-dimensional space with respect to a fourth *spatial* dimension.

However as that article one also can derive electromagnetism in terms of spatial displacement of a “surface” of a three dimensional space manifold with respect to fourth *spatial* dimension

For example a wave on the two-dimensional surface of water causes a point on that surface to be become displaced or rise above or below the equilibrium point that existed before the wave was present. A force will be developed by the differential displacement of the surfaces, which will result in the elevated and depressed portions of the water moving towards or become “attracted” to each other and the surface of the water.

Similarly a matter wave on the “surface” of a three-dimensional space manifold with respect to a fourth *spatial* dimension would cause a point on that “surface” to become displaced or rise above and below the equilibrium point that existed before the wave was present.

This is analogous to how the vertical force pushing up of on mountain also generates a horizontal force, which pulls matter horizontally towards from the apex of that displacement.

In other words one can explain both the attractive and repulsive properties of electromagnetic fields field by without the need of assuming the existence of virtual particle by extrapolating  observations of our three dimensional environment to a fourth spatial dimension.

However it also provides a method of linking electromagnetic field to their quantum mechanical properties because as the article “Why is energy/mass quantized?” Oct. 4, 2007 showed one can also explain them by extrapolating resonant properties of a field in classical a three-dimensional environment to a matter wave moving on a “surface” of a three-dimensional field with respect to a fourth *spatial* dimension.

Briefly it showed the four conditions required for resonance to occur in a classical field, an object, or substance with a natural frequency, a forcing function at the same frequency as the natural frequency, the lack of a damping frequency and the ability for the substance to oscillate spatial would be meet by a matter wave in an environment consisting of four *spatial* dimensions.

The existence of four *spatial* dimensions would give a matter wave the ability to oscillate spatially on between a third and fourth *spatial* dimensions thereby fulfilling one of the requirements for classical resonance to occur.

These oscillations would be caused by an event such as the decay of a subatomic particle or the shifting of an electron in an atomic orbital. This would force the “surface” of a three-dimensional field (the substance) to oscillate with respect to a fourth *spatial* dimension at the frequency associated with the energy of that event.

The oscillations caused by such an event would serve as forcing function allowing a resonant field to be established in four *spatial* dimensions.

Observations of a three-dimensional environment tell us that the energy of a resonant field can only take on the discrete or quantized values associated with the fundamental or a harmonic of its fundamental resonant

Similarly the energy of a resonant system in an environment consisting of four *spatial* dimensional environment could only take on the discrete or quantized values associated with the fundamental or a harmonic of a resonant system in that environment.

These resonant fields are responsible for the quantum mechanical properties of field

As article What is electromagnetic energy” Sep 27, 2009 showed one can derived both the attractive and repulsive properties of  electromagnetic fields in terms of differential displacements created by a matter wave moving on a “surface” of a three-dimensional field with respect to a fourth *spatial* dimension.  While the article “Why is energy/mass quantized?” showed one can also derive their quantum mechanical properties of fields by extrapolating the laws governing resonance in a classical three-dimensional field to the differential displacement caused by a matter wave on that same surface of three dimensional space manifold with fourth *spatial* dimensions.

As was mentioned earlier scientists have to create or imagine what are called “virtual particles” which by their own admission do not exist, to explain attractive forces in terms of particle interaction.

However one does not have image anything to explain the repulsive properties of forces of fields and the quantum mechanical properties particles because as was shown above one can use the real physical properties of a continuous one made up of four *spatial* dimension.

Later Jeff

Copyright 2012 Jeffrey O’Callaghan

The post Faraday’s fields in four *spatial* dimensions appeared first on Unifying Quantum and Relativistic Theories.