But some say what we see in it does not define “THE reality” because of the limitation of our senses.  For example humans can only see a very small portion of the electromagnetic spectrum therefore, because of those limitations they say that our senses should not be the only arbiters of “THE reality”.

In other words because our instruments tell us that reality extends far, far beyond what our senses see, many feel the only way to find it is through the window they provide instead the one provided by our senses.
However, our impression of “THE reality” is made up of a combination of what our senses see around us and what our instruments tell us about that world.

In other words each is an integral part of how we and science views “THE reality” and therefore the different realities they show us cannot be treated as separate.

For example the instruments we use to observe it tell us that a fundament component of a quantum environment is that all objects exist simultaneously as both particles and waves.

However, our senses tell us objects cannot be both a particle and wave at the same time.

But how can we merge or integrate these two realities and determine their fundamental component when what our instruments “tell” us about our world appears to conflict with what our senses see in it.

Einstein gave us a clue when he said “If a new theory was not based on a physical image simple enough for a child to understand, it was probably worthless.”

Yet how can we form a physical image of the quantum world when its fundamental component, the wave particle duality of objects is contradictory to the physicality of our sensory environment.

We can start by reexamining how we define our sensory environment.

For example Einstein told us that our physical environment is made up of four dimensional space-time however no one has ever observed the physicality of time or a space-time dimension.

Therefore it is extremely difficult to form a physical image of the quantum world or any other based on the existence of time or a space-time dimension because it is not part of our sensory environment.

Granted Einstein’s theories give us a detailed and very accurate description of how an interaction of time with the three *spatial* dimensions is responsible for the “reality” of the sensory world we inhabit and he was able to give us a clear physical image how a curvature in space-time can be responsible for gravity.

For example the most common physical image use to explain gravity does not use time but instead extrapolates the image of an object moving on a curved two dimensional “surface” in a three dimensional environment to four dimensional space-time.  However this image only contains reference only to our sensory reality of the spatial dimensions and not a time or space-time dimension.

However, the fact that most humans define our physical “reality” in terms of the spatial dimensions instead of a time or space-time dimension suggests that one may be able to form a physical image of how and why the quantum world is what it is by viewing our universe in terms of its spatial instead of its time properties.

Einstein gave us the ability to do this when he used the velocity of light to define the geometric properties of space-time because it allows one to convert a unit of time in his four dimensional space-time universe to a unit of a space identical to those of our three-dimensional space.  Additionally because the velocity of light is constant it is possible to defined a one to one correspondence between his space-time universe and one made up of four *spatial* dimensions.

In other words by mathematically defining the geometric properties of time in terms of the constant velocity of light he provided a qualitative and quantitative means of redefining it in terms of the geometry of four *spatial* dimensions and gave us the ability to redefine the curvature or displacement he associated with energy/mass in a space-time environment to a spatial displacement in a fourth *spatial* dimension.

On pages 17 thru 23 of Richard P Feynman book “QED The Strange Theory of Light and Matter” he address the conflict between our sensory world and the particle wave reality of a quantum environment by describing what happens when light when it is partially reflected by two surfaces,

On those pages he writes that by placing two glass surfaces exactly parallel to each other one can observe how the photons of light reflected from the bottom surface interact with those reflected from the top surface.  Depending on the distance between the glass surfaces he can determine, by using a photo detector, that four percent or 4 out of 100 photons reflected from the lower surface of the glass could add up to as many as 16 or none at all when they interact with the photons reflected from the upper surface of the glass because of the reinforcement of the reflected wave energy from the bottom and top surfaces of the glass.

In other words the 4 photons reflected from the surface of the bottom piece of glass would interact with the incident ones to that surface creating from 0 to 8 photons while the 4 photons reflected from the surface of the top piece of glass would interact with the incident ones to it creating 0 to 8 more photons for a total of 0 to 16 photons.

These observations by Mr. Feynman support a wave theory of electromagnetic radiation because according to it, the energy associated with the interference of the 4 photons reflected from the bottom surface with 4 from the top will result in energy variations that corresponds to the energy of 0 to 16 photons.

However, wave theory also predicts the energy variations should be continuous.

In other words, the energy of the reflected photons should be able to take on any value between 0 and the combined energies associated with 16 photons.

The fact that the energy of the reflected photons Richard Feynman observed in the above experiment only took on integral values equal to the energy of the photons that originally struck the surface of the glass indicates that their energy is not transmitted by a wave but by a particle.

This shows that in a quantum environment a photon can either be a particle or a wave. However, our senses tell us objects such as photons cannot be both a particle and wave at the same time.

Yet as mentioned earlier we may be able to merge or integrate these two realities and determine the fundamental component of “THE reality”  by viewing them, as mentioned earlier in terms four *spatial* dimension instead of four dimensions space-time.

For example in the article “Why is energy/mass quantized?” Oct. 10, 2007 it was shown one can derive both the wave and particle properties of objects and a photon by extrapolating the physical image of a wave in a three-dimensional environment to a matter wave moving on a “surface” of a three-dimensional space manifold with respect to a fourth *spatial* dimension.  Additionally it showed that all energy must be propagated in these resonant systems.

Briefly it showed the four conditions required for resonance to occur in a classical environment, an object, or substance with a natural frequency, a forcing function at the same frequency as its natural frequency, the lack of a damping frequency and the ability for the substance to oscillate spatial would be meet by a matter wave on a “surface” of a three-dimensional space manifold with respect to a fourth *spatial* dimension.

The existence of four *spatial* dimensions would give the “surface” of three-dimensional space (the substance) the ability to oscillate spatially with respect to a fourth *spatial* dimension thereby fulfilling one of the requirements for classical resonance to occur.

These oscillations would be caused by an event such as the decay of a subatomic particle or the shifting of an electron in an atomic orbital.  This would force the “surface” of a three-dimensional space manifold with respect to a fourth *spatial* dimension to oscillate with the frequency associated with the energy of that event.

Therefore if one extrapolates the physical image of a wave in a three dimensional environment to a fourth *spatial* dimension one could understand how these oscillations in a “surface” of a three-dimensional space manifold would generate the wave properties of objects in a quantum environment.

However we know from observations that tell us resonant system can only have the incremental or discrete energy associated with its fundamental or a harmonic of its fundamental frequency. Similarly the incremental or discrete energies associated with individual photons in Richard Feynman’s experiment could be understood in terms of the physical image of the resonate properties of wave in four *spatial* dimensions. However, one can also describe the physical boundaries of a particle in terms of the wave properties of its resonant structure.

In classical physics, a point on the two-dimensional surface of paper is confined to that surface.  However, that surface can oscillate up or down with respect to three-dimensional space. 

Similarly an object occupying a volume of three-dimensional space would be confined to it however, it could, similar to the surface of the paper oscillate “up” or “down” with respect to a fourth *spatial* dimension.

The confinement of the “upward” and “downward” oscillations of a three-dimension volume with respect to a fourth *spatial* dimension is what defines the spatial boundaries associated with a particle in the article “Why is energy/mass quantized?“

This would allow one to merge or integrate the wave particle duality of a quantum environment into our sensory world by extrapolating, as was show earlier the physical image of wave moving on water to a matter wave moving on the “surface” of a three dimension space manifold with respect to a fourth *spatial* dimension or four dimensional space-time environment because remember, as was also show earlier they are equivalent.  

For example, the wave like interference of photons Richard Feynman’s experiment observed in his experiment would be due to the wave properties of the resonant “system” defined in the article “Why is energy/mass quantized?“.

If the distance between the two glass surfaces was equal to half of the wavelength of the resonant “system” associated with a photon, classical wave mechanics tell us the interference of its wave properties would interfere and will, as mentioned earlier yield the energy associated with 0 photons.

 If the distance between two glass surfaces is equal to its wavelength of they will reinforce each other and yield the energy associated with 16 photons.

However, it also tells us the reason the energy variations caused by their interference are quantized and not continuous as wave theory predicts they should is because, as was shown in the article “Why is energy/mass quantized?” the resonant properties of four *spatial* dimensions means that their energy must be propagated through space in the discrete quantized values associated with the fundamental or harmonic of fundamental frequency of four *spatial* dimensions or space-time environment they are occupying.

Yet this also defines reason the wave properties of 8 reflected photons reinforce themselves to create the energy associated with16 photons is because in our sensory environment when two waves in phase interact they will reinforce each other.  Therefore if energy is propagated in discrete quantized values associated with the wavelength or frequency of a resonant system the reinforcement of the wave properties of 8 photons must be carried away in the integral or discreet energies associated with resonant systems of up to 16 photons of the same frequency as those original 8 photons.

This demonstrates how one can project the “structure” of “OUR reality” beyond our sensory environment to explain and understand the quantum world.   It also demonstrates why forming a physical image of a process is so valuable to science because it shows that one can integrate or merge the reality shown to us by our instruments into “OUR” sensory reality in terms of “THE reality” of four *spatial* dimension or four dimensional space-time.

It should be remember Einsteinâ€s genius allows us to choose if we want to resolve all paradoxes between the readily of microscopic world of quantum mechanics and  that of macroscopic world of Relativity either a space-time environment or one consisting of four *spatial* dimension when he defined the geometry of space-time in terms of the constant velocity of light. This interchangeability broadens the environment encompassed by his theories by making them applicable to both the sensory spatial as well as the non-sensory time properties of our universe thereby giving us a new perspective on the physical relationship between them.

 Later Jeff

Copyright Jeffrey O’Callaghan 2014

The post The structure of “OUR reality” appeared first on Unifying Quantum and Relativistic Theories.

In other words can one use our everyday experiences to understand the irrationality behind many of the assumptions made by quantum mechanics and integrate them into the space-time environment in which we all live

For example the paradoxical wave–particle behavior of energy/mass, one of the fundamental concepts defining Quantum mechanics defies the “reality” of the four dimensional world we live in because of its inability to describe/define how quantum-scale objects can simultaneously exist as waves and particles.  Many have tried to explain it as a fundamental property of the Universe, while alternative interpretations explain the duality as an emergent, second-order consequence of various limitations of the observer.

However, it is possible to explain the wave–particle duality of the quantum world in terms of the “reality” of classical concepts and four dimensional space-time by redefining Einstein’s space-time environment to its equivalent four spatial dimension counterpart because it will allow one to directly apply classical concepts of Newtonian space to the wave properties quantum mechanics associates with particles.

(The reasons will become obvious latter.)

Einstein gave us the ability to do this when he used the velocity of light to define the geometric properties of space-time because it allows one to convert a unit of time in his four dimensional space-time universe to a unit of a space in an environment consisting  four spatial dimensions which identical to those of our three-dimensional space.  Additionally because the velocity of light is constant it is possible to defined a one to one correspondence between his space-time universe and one made up of four *spatial* dimensions.

In other words by mathematically defining the geometric properties of time in terms of the constant velocity of light he provided a qualitative and quantitative means of redefining it in terms of the geometry of four *spatial* dimensions and gave us the ability to redefine the curvature or displacement he associated with energy/mass in a space-time environment to a spatial displacement in a fourth *spatial* dimension.

This, as mentioned earlier will allow us to understand the reasons behind the paradoxical wave–particle duality of light when it is partially reflected by two surfaces, as outlined on pages 17 thru 23 of Richard P Feynman book “QED The Strange Theory of Light and Matter” in terms of the laws of classical physics.

On those pages he writes that by placing two glass surfaces exactly parallel to each other one can observe how the photons of light reflected from the bottom surface interact with those reflected from the top surface.  Depending on the distance between the glass surfaces he can determine, by using a photo detector, that four percent or 4 out of 100 photons reflected from the lower surface of the glass could add up to as many as 16 or none at all when they interact with the photons reflected from the upper surface of the glass because of the reinforcement of the reflected wave energy from the bottom and top surfaces of the glass.

In other words the 4 photons reflected from the surface of the bottom piece of glass would interact with the incident ones to that surface creating from 0 to 8 photons while the 4 photons reflected from the surface of the top piece of glass would interact with the incident ones to it creating 0 to 8 more photons for a total of 0 to 16 photons.

These observations by Mr. Feynman support a wave theory of electromagnetic radiation because according to it, the energy associated with the interference of the 4 photons reflected from the bottom surface with 4 from the top will result in energy variations that corresponds to the energy of 0 to 16 photons.

However, wave theory also predicts the energy variations should be continuous.

In other words, the energy of the reflected photons should be able to take on any value between 0 and the combined energies associated with 16 photons.

Unfortunately, for the wave theory of light, the energy of the reflected photons Richard Feynman observed in the above experiment only took on integral values equal to the energy of the photons that originally struck the surface of the glass.  This indicates that their energy is not transmitted by a wave but by a particle.

However this observational paradox can be resolved if particles are, as mentioned earlier are viewed in terms four *spatial* dimension instead of four dimensions space-time because it shows their behavior can be described in terms of a resonant “structure” generated by a matter wave on a “surface” of a three-dimensional space manifold with respect to a fourth *spatial* dimension.

For example in the article “Why is energy/mass quantized?” Oct. 10, 2007 it was shown one can derive both the wave and particle properties of energy/mass and a photon by extrapolating the laws of classical of resonance in a three-dimensional environment to a matter wave moving on a “surface” of a three-dimensional space manifold with respect to a fourth *spatial* dimension.  Additionally it showed that all energy must be propagated in these resonant systems.

Briefly it showed the four conditions required for resonance to occur in a classical Newtonian environment, an object, or substance with a natural frequency, a forcing function at the same frequency as its natural frequency, the lack of a damping frequency and the ability for the substance to oscillate spatial would be meet by a matter wave on a “surface” of a three-dimensional space manifold with respect to a fourth *spatial* dimension.

The existence of four *spatial* dimensions would give the “surface” of three-dimensional space (the substance) the ability to oscillate spatially with respect to a fourth *spatial* dimension thereby fulfilling one of the requirements for classical resonance to occur.

These oscillations would be caused by an event such as the decay of a subatomic particle or the shifting of an electron in an atomic orbital.  This would force the “surface” of a three-dimensional space manifold with respect to a fourth *spatial* dimension to oscillate with the frequency associated with the energy of that event.

Therefore if one extrapolates the laws of classical wave mechanics to a fourth *spatial* dimension these oscillations in a “surface” of a three-dimensional space manifold would generate a resonant system or “structure” in space. 

Classical mechanics tell us resonant system can only have the incremental or discrete energy associated with its fundamental or a harmonic of its fundamental frequency.

Similarly the incremental or discrete energies associated with individual photons in Richard Feynman’s experiment could be explained by assuming that they are a result of the fundamental or a harmonic of the fundamental frequency resonant properties of four *spatial* dimensions.

This shows how one can derive the quantum mechanical properties of energy/mass and a photon by extrapolating the laws of classical wave mechanics to a matter wave on a “surface” of a three dimensional space manifold with respect to a fourth *spatial* dimension.

However, one can also describe the physicality of a particle in terms of the wave properties of its resonant structure.

In classical physics, a point on the two-dimensional surface of paper is confined to that surface.  However, that surface can oscillate up or down with respect to three-dimensional space. 

Similarly an object occupying a volume of three-dimensional space would be confined to it however, it could, similar to the surface of the paper oscillate “up” or “down” with respect to a fourth *spatial* dimension.

The confinement of the “upward” and “downward” oscillations of a three-dimension volume with respect to a fourth *spatial* dimension is what defines the spatial boundaries associated with a particle in the article “Why is energy/mass quantized?“

This provides the ability to understand how and why a photon can have the properties of both a wave and a particle because it clearly defines their interdependence in terms of the laws of Classical wave mechanics

However it also defines the physical reality of particle-wave duality in terms of the classical properties of a matter wave moving on the “surface” of a three dimension space manifold with respect to a fourth *spatial* dimension or four dimensional space-time environment because remember, as was show earlier they are equivalent

For example, the wave like interference of photons he observed would be due to the wave properties of the resonant “system” defined in the article “Why is energy/mass quantized?“.

If the distance between the two glass surfaces in Richard Feynman’s experiment is equal to half of the wavelength of the resonant “system” associated with a photon, classical wave mechanics tell us the interference of its wave properties would interfere and will, as mentioned earlier yield the energy associated with 0 photons.

If the distance between two glass surfaces is equal to its wavelength of they will reinforce each other and yield the energy associated with 16 photons.

However, it also tells us the reason the energy variations caused by their interference are quantized and not continuous as wave theory predicts they should is because, as was shown in the article “Why is energy/mass quantized?” the resonant properties of four *spatial* dimensions means that their energy would be propagated in the discrete quantized values associated with the fundamental or harmonic of fundamental frequency of four *spatial* dimensions or space-time environment they are occupying.

Yet this also defines the reason the wave properties of 8 reflected photons reinforce themselves to create the energy associated with16 photons is because Classical wave mechanics tells us that when two waves of the same frequency interact their frequency will or does not change.  Therefore if energy is propagated in discrete quantized values associated with the wavelength or frequency of a resonant system the reinforcement of the wave properties of 8 photons must be carried away in the integral or discreet energies associated with resonant systems of up to 16 photons of the same frequency as those original 8 photons.

This indicates that viewing the quantum mechanical world of wave–particle duality in terms of the geometric properties of a resonant “system” generated by a matter wave moving on a “surface” of a three-dimensional space manifold with respect to a fourth *spatial* dimension allows one to derive its “reality” by extrapolating the laws of classical mechanics in three-dimensional environment to a fourth *spatial* dimension.

It should be remember Einsteinâ€s genius allows us to chose if we want to resolve all paradoxes between the microscopic world of quantum mechanics and the macroscopic world of Relativity either a space-time environment or one consisting of four *spatial* dimension when he defined the geometry of space-time in terms of energy/mass and the constant velocity of light. This interchangeability broadens the environment encompassed by his theories by making them applicable to both the spatial as well as the time properties of our universe thereby giving us a new perspective on the physical relationship of particles and waves

Later Jeff

Copyright Jeffrey O’Callaghan 2014

The post The geometry of a particle wave appeared first on Unifying Quantum and Relativistic Theories.

For example the paradoxical wave–particle behavior of energy/mass, one of the fundamental concepts defining Quantum mechanics defies the “reality” of a classical world because of its inability to describe/define how quantum-scale objects can simultaneously exist as waves and particles.  Many have tried to explain it as a fundamental property of the Universe, while alternative interpretations explain the duality as an emergent, second-order consequence of various limitations of the observer.

However, it is possible to explain the wave–particle duality of the quantum world in terms of the “reality” of classical concepts if one assumes, as has been done in this blog and our book “The Reality of the Fourth Spatial Dimension” that space is made up of four *spatial* dimensions instead of four dimensional space-time and that the quantum mechanical or particle properties of energy/mass are a result of a resonant structure formed by a matter wave on a “surface” of a three-dimensional space manifold with respect to a fourth *spatial* dimension.

For example on pages 17 thru 23 of Richard P Feynman book “QED The Strange Theory of Light and Matter” he describes the seemingly paradoxical wave–particle duality of light or electromagnetic energy when it is partially reflected by two surfaces.

He writes that by placing two glass surfaces exactly parallel to each other one can observe how the photons of light reflected from the bottom surface interact with those reflected from the top surface.  Depending on the distance between the glass surfaces he can determine, by using a photo detector, that four percent or 4 out of 100 photons reflected from the lower surface of the glass could add up to as many as 16 or none at all when they interact with the photons reflected from the upper surface of the glass because of the reinforcement of the reflected wave energy from the bottom and top surfaces of the glass.

In other words the 4 photons reflected from the surface of the bottom piece of glass would interact with the incident ones to that surface creating from 0 to 8 photons while the 4 photons reflected from the surface of the top piece of glass would interact with the incident ones to it creating 0 to 8 more photons for a total of 0 to 16 photons.

These observations by Mr. Feynman support a wave theory of electromagnetic radiation because according to it, the energy associated with the interference of the 4 photons reflected from the bottom surface with 4 from the top will result in energy variations that corresponds to the energy of 0 to 16 photons.

However, wave theory also predicts the energy variations should be continuous.

In other words, the energy of the reflected photons should be able to take on any value between 0 and the combined energies associated with 16 photons.

Unfortunately, for the wave theory of light, the energy of the reflected photons Richard Feynman observed in the above experiment only took on integral values equal to the energy of the photons that originally struck the surface of the glass.  This indicates that their energy is not transmitted by a wave but by a particle.

However the observational paradox associated with its wave / particle behavior can be resolved if particles are, as mentioned earlier viewed in terms of a resonant “system” generated by a matter wave on a “surface” of a three-dimensional space manifold with respect to a fourth *spatial* dimension.

In the article “Why is energy/mass quantized?” Oct. 10, 2007 it was shown one can derive the quantum mechanical particle properties of energy/mass and a photon by extrapolating the  laws of classical of resonance in a three-dimensional environment to a matter wave moving on a “surface” of a three-dimensional space manifold with respect to a fourth *spatial* dimension.  Additionally it showed why all electromagnetic energy must be propagated in these resonant systems.

Briefly it showed the four conditions required for resonance to occur in a classical Newtonian environment, an object, or substance with a natural frequency, a forcing function at the same frequency as its natural frequency, the lack of a damping frequency and the ability for the substance to oscillate spatial would be meet by a matter wave on a “surface” of a three-dimensional space manifold with respect to a fourth *spatial* dimension.

The existence of four *spatial* dimensions would give the “surface” of three-dimensional space (the substance) the ability to oscillate spatially with respect to a fourth *spatial* dimension thereby fulfilling one of the requirements for classical resonance to occur.

These oscillations would be caused by an event such as the decay of a subatomic particle or the shifting of an electron in an atomic orbital.  This would force the “surface” of a three-dimensional space manifold with respect to a fourth *spatial* dimension to oscillate with the frequency associated with the energy of that event.

These oscillations in a “surface” of a three-dimensional space manifold, according to classical mechanics, if one extrapolates them to a fourth *spatial* dimension would generate a resonant system or “structure” in space. 

Classical mechanics tell us resonant system can only have the incremental or discrete energy associated with its fundamental or a harmonic of its fundamental frequency.

Similarly the incremental or discrete energies associated with individual photons in Richard Feynman’s experiment could be explained by assuming that they are a result of the fundamental or a harmonic of the fundamental frequency resonant properties of four *spatial* dimensions.

This shows how one can derive the quantum mechanical properties of energy/mass and a photon by extrapolating the laws of classical physics to a matter wave on a “surface” of a three dimensional space manifold with respect to a fourth *spatial* dimension.

(This cannot be done in a universe consisting of four dimensional space-time because time is only observed to move in one direction forward and therefore could not support the bi-directional movement required for Classical resonance to occur.)

However the article “The Photon: a matter wave?” Oct 1, 2007 showed that one can also derive electromagnetic wave properties of a photon and other particles by extrapolating the laws of classical wave mechanics in three-dimensional environment to a matter wave moving on a “surface” of a three-dimensional space manifold with respect to a fourth *spatial* dimension.

Briefly a wave on the two-dimensional surface of water causes a point on that surface to be become displaced or rise above or below the equilibrium point that existed before the wave was present. A force will be developed by the differential displacement of the surfaces, which will result in the elevated and depressed portions of the water moving towards or become “attracted” to each other and the surface of the water.

Similarly a matter wave on the “surface” of a three-dimensional space manifold with respect to a fourth *spatial* dimension would cause a point on that “surface” to become displaced or rise above and below the equilibrium point that existed before the wave was present.

However, as just mentioned classical wave mechanics, if extrapolated to four *spatial* dimensions tells us the force developed by the differential displacements caused by a matter wave moving on a “surface” of three-dimensional space with respect to a fourth *spatial* dimension will result in its elevated and depressed portions moving towards or become “attracted” to each other.

This defines the causality of the attractive forces of unlike charges associated with the electromagnetic wave component of a photon in terms of a force developed by a differential displacement of a point on a “surface” of a three-dimensional space manifold with respect to a fourth *spatial* dimension.

However, it also provides a classical mechanism for understanding why similar charges repel each other because observations of water show that there is a direct relationship between the magnitudes of a displacement in its surface to the magnitude of the force resisting that displacement.

Similarly the magnitude of a displacement in a “surface” of a three-dimensional space manifold with respect to a fourth *spatial* dimension caused by two similar charges will be greater than that caused by a single one. Therefore, similar charges will repel each other because the magnitude of the force resisting the displacement will be greater for two similar charges than it would be for a single charge.

One can define the causality of electrical component of electromagnetic radiation in terms of the energy associated with its “peaks” and “troughs” that is directed perpendicular to its velocity vector while its magnetic component would be associated with the horizontal force developed by that perpendicular displacement.

However, Classical Mechanics tells us a horizontal force will be developed by that perpendicular or vertical displacement which will always be 90 degrees out of phase with it. This force is called magnetism.

This is analogous to how the vertical force pushing up of on mountain also generates a horizontal force, which pulls matter horizontally towards from the apex of that displacement.

Therefore, these two articles define a common mechanism responsible the wave–particle duality of the quantum world because they derive one in terms of the other.  In other words the resonant properties of a matter wave the article “Why is energy/mass quantized?” associates with particles including the photon would be responsible for the observations associated with the particle properties of energy/mass while the matter wave component of their resonant structure would be responsible for its wave properties.

As mentioned earlier the Copenhagen interpretation, explains the paradox associated with wave–particle duality in terms of it being complementarily or a phenomenon which can only be viewed in one way or in another, but not both simultaneously.

However this is what one would expect if one extrapolated the laws of classical mechanics to the quantum world in which particles were made up of a resonant structure formed by a matter wave because it tells us that 100% of its energy would be contained in its wave responsible for the resonant structure the article “Why is energy/mass quantized?” showed is responsible of its particle properties.

Therefore if one devised an experiment to observe its energy in the form its resonant structure that article associated with the particle properties of energy/mass there will be no energy left to support the viewing of its wave component while if someone choose to measure its wave energy there will be no energy left to support is its resonant particle structure.

Therefore one could only be viewed in one way or in another, but not both simultaneously.

This shows how one can define a physical mechanism or the reality behind wave–particle duality of the quantum world and the complementarily Copenhagen interpretation of it by extrapolating the classical laws of physics in three-dimensional environment to a fourth *spatial* dimension.

However, one can also explain the observations made by Mr. Feynman by associating the wave–particle duality of photon and electromagnetic energy with a matter wave on a “surface” of a three-dimensional space manifold with respect to a fourth *spatial* dimension.

For example, the wave like interference of photons he observed would be due to the wave properties of the resonant “system” defined in the article “Why is energy/mass quantized?“.

If the distance between the two glass surfaces in Richard Feynman’s experiment is equal to half of the wavelength of the resonant “system” associated with a photon, classical wave mechanics tell us the interference of its wave properties would interfere with each and will, as mentioned earlier yield the energy associated with 0 photons.

If the distance between two glass surfaces is equal to its wavelength of their wave properties will reinforce each other and yield the energy associated with 16 photons.

However, this does not explain how and why the energy variations caused by their interference are quantized and not continuous as wave theory predicts they should.

The reason is because, as was shown in the article “Why is energy/mass quantized?” the resonant properties of four *spatial* dimensions means that their energy would be propagated in the discrete quantized values associated with its fundamental or harmonic of its fundamental frequency.

The reason the reflected photon have the same energy as the incidence one is because observations of resonant systems in three-dimensional environment tell us that they interact more efficiently or reinforce each other when they have identical properties. Therefore, if it is true that electromagnetic energy is propagated by a resonant system created by a matter wave they should interact more efficiently or reinforce each other when they have identical wave properties.

Therefore, energy variations caused by the interference of their wave properties will most probably have the discrete or quantum values associated with the resonant “systems” of the original interfering photons.

This indicates that viewing the quantum mechanical world of wave–particle duality in terms of a resonant “systems” generated by a matter wave moving on a “surface” of a three-dimensional space manifold with respect to a fourth *spatial* dimension allows one to derive its “reality” in terms of the laws of classical mechanics in three-dimensional environment by extrapolating them a fourth *spatial* dimension.

Later Jeff

Copyright Jeffrey O’Callaghan 2012

The post The "reality" behind wave—particle duality appeared first on Unifying Quantum and Relativistic Theories.