Is time eternal?

Is time an eternity or does it have a beginning and end? This question is very difficult to answer because current theories are only able to describe what happened after the beginning of our universe.  In other words how the universe came about and whether there is any meaning to a “before” or “after” is … Read more

Spaceship Spitzer and the black hole

It should be remember both sides of most stories have a lesson. For example, many sci-fi writers use the fact that the gravitational force of a black hole is so intense that nothing can escape from its “clutches” to develop their story lines.  However, many of them fail to point out the other side of … Read more

Dark energy: the cosmological constant

We have shown throughout this blog and its companion book “The Reality of the Fourth *Spatial* Dimension” observations of our environment suggest the universe is composed of four *spatial* dimensions rather than four-dimensional space-time as is suggested by Einstein’s theories. The recent discovery of Dark Energy is one of those observations. As Alexey Vikhlinin of the … Read more

What are the continuous field properties of dark matter?

One of the more puzzling unsolved mysteries in modern physics and cosmology is what Dark Matter . Fritz Zwicky first theorized its existence in 1930 after measuring the rotational speed of individual galaxies in several galactic clusters.  He found they could not be predicted by Newton laws of gravity based on mass of all of … Read more

An alternative to a singularity?

Many physicists assume based on the General Theory of Relativity the mass of larger stars that have used up their nuclear fuel will implode to form a singularity or black hole.  (A singularity is defined as region of space in which mass is concentrated in a one-dimensional point in space and whose gravitational field is … Read more