The causality of quantum probabilities or why God must play dice.

Is it possible to define the “reality” behind the quantum world of probabilities in terms of the physical concepts of causality in the space-time environment defined by Einstein?  Quantum theory defines the existence of particles in terms of a mathematically generated probability function created by Schrödinger’s wave equation and assumes that particles do not exist … Read more

The structure of “OUR reality”

Truth can only be found through the window of observation while “OUR reality” is determined by what we see in that window. But some say what we see in it does not define “THE reality” because of the limitation of our senses.  For example humans can only see a very small portion of the electromagnetic … Read more

Mass from first principles

Bohr summarized the complementary principal of quantum mechanics as follows: “However far the quantum physical phenomena transcend the scope of classical physical explanation, the account of all evidence must be expressed in classical terms. The argument is simply that by the word “experiment” we refer to a situation where we can tell others what we … Read more

The Geometry of Dark Matter

In 1933 Fritz Zwicky a Swiss astronomer, was trying to measure the mass of a galactic cluster using two different methods. First he tried to infer it from the rational speed of the galaxies around the center of the clusters.  Just like kids on a merry-go-round have to hold on to avoid being ejected, galaxies … Read more

Dark Energy in four spatial dimensions

In 1998 a force called Dark Energy was discovered when the Hubble Space Telescope (HST) found that, a long time ago, the Universe was actually expanding more slowly than it is today.  In other words its expansion has not been slowing due to gravity, as everyone thought, it has been accelerating. Since then several different … Read more