The Higgs boson discovered at the CERN particle physics laboratory near Geneva, Switzerland, in 2012, is what, according to the Standard Model of particle physics gives all other fundamental particles mass. However, despite the work of thousands of researchers around the world, nobody has been able to figure out exactly how it does that or why some particles are more massive than others.

However, there is another way to understand mass and its resistance to acceleration based solely on the field concepts of Einstein’s theories.

For example, Einstein defined the physicality of mass in terms of the energy density associated with a displacement in space-time which he quantified by the equation E=mc^2. This means he also defined the reason some particles are heavier than others is because they have a greater displacement and therefore a greater energy content than other masses. Pitting it another way the equation E=mc^2 not only defines physicality of mass but also quantifies why some particles are heavier that others in terms of in terms of the field properties of space-time.

However, his equations and the observations of particles in particle accelerators tell us the relativistic mass of a body increases over its finite rest mass as it is accelerated with respect to an observer and that energy must be added to it to do so.

He also tells us the rate at which energy can added to a mass is limited by the speed of light. This means according to Relativity, the reason why mass resists acceleration is because the speed at which energy can be added to it is limited. Putting it another way according to it, the reason for its resistance to acceleration MAY not be related to the field properties of a Higgs boson but to the field properties of space-time that limits the rate at which energy can be added to it.

This conclusion is supported by the fact that because Einstein’s relativistic equations tell us that mass or its energy content increases as it approaches the velocity of light it will take more energy to make an incremental change in it. Therefore, because it limits the speed at which energy can be added to it, it will resist acceleration more than one that is at rest with respect to an observer.

In other words, one does not need the Higgs boson to explain a particles mass and why it resists a change in motion because one can use the OBSERVABLE properties of our environment and of Einstein’s theories to do so.

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But what does the discovery of the Higgs Boson tell us about the reality of the Higgs field.
This is an import question because its existence is based on abstract mathematical constructs which may or may not describe its reality.  In other words even though they may have predicted its existence it has not yet been connected it to the observable reality of what we can see and touch.

The importance of connecting a theoretical idea to the observable properties of our world was demonstrated by Einstein 200 years after Newton realized that his gravitational theory meant “one body may act upon another at a distance”.

“It is inconceivable that inanimate brute matter should, without the mediation of something else which is not material, operate upon and affect other matter without mutual contact…That gravity should be innate, inherent, and essential to matter, so that one body may act upon another at a distance through a vacuum, without the mediation of anything else, by and through which their action and force may be conveyed from one to another, is to me so great an absurdity that I believe no man who has in philosophical matters a competent faculty of thinking can ever fall into it.”

However Einstein realized that one can understand how gravity “may act upon another at a distance through a vacuum” by extrapolating the physical image of how objects move on a curve surface in a three-dimensional environment to a curved four dimensional space-time manifold. This allowed him to conceptually understand gravity in terms of a physical image based on our three-dimension environment.

In other words the mathematics developed by Newton was only able to quantitatively predict gravitational forces while Einstein gave us the ability to conceptually understand why “one body may act upon another at a distance” by physically connecting it to the reality of what we can see and touch.

However he was unable to tell us what mass is, he was only able tell us how mass interacts with space-time.

As Steven Weinberg said “Mass tells space-time how to curve while space-time tells mass how to move”.

This is similar to Newton in that he was able to mathematically define how mass gravitational interacts with other masses but was unable to understand or define a physical mechanism that could account for that interaction.

Einstein was often quoted as saying “If a new theory (such as that associated with the Higgs boson) was not based on a physical image simple enough for a child to understand, it was probably worthless.”

In other words to fully understand the theoretical significance of the Higgs Field and why it is responsible for mass one should be able to describe how it interacts with mass in terms of a physical image based on what we can see and touch in our three-dimensional world much as Einstein was able describe how space and time interacted with each other to cause gravity.

Most scientists would agree that the best way to accomplish this would be by observing how mass interacts with space-time.

Unfortunately mass does not directly interact with time because we do not see a change in it no matter how long we wait however we can observe how its position in space can change with time.

This suggests that we may be able to form a physical image of the reality of the Higgs field if we could redefine Einstein space-time geometry associated with forces in terms of the spatial properties of position we associated  with mass.

Einstein gave us the ability to do this when he defined the geometric properties of a space-time universe in terms of the balance between mass and energy defined by the equation E=mc^2 and the constant velocity of light because that provided a method of converting the displacement in space-time he associated with energy to its equivalent spatial  displacement in four *spatial* dimensions.  Additionally because the velocity of light is constant he also defined a one to one quantitative correspondence between his space-time universe and one made up of four *spatial* dimensions.

This was the bases for assuming as was done in the article “Defining energy” Nov 27, 2007 that all forms of energy including thermo and that associated with mass can be derived in terms of a spatial displacement in a “surface” of a three-dimensional space manifold with respect to a fourth *spatial* dimension instead of one in a space-time environment.

However changing ones perspective on the geometric structure of the universe form one of space-time to four *spatial* dimensions, as was just shown to be possible gives one the ability to define the physical mechanism by which the Higgs Field or the field properties of four *spatial* dimension creates mass and why it is quantized in the fundamental particles of the Standard Model in terms of a physical image formed by our three-dimensional environment.

For example one can form a physical image of why mass is quantized, as was done in the article “Why is energy/mass quantized?” Oct. 4, 2007″ by extrapolating the image of a wave and its resonant properties in three dimension environment to one made up of four *spatial* dimensions. This would be analogous to how Einstein, as mentioned earlier was able to explain gravity by extrapolating the physical image of how objects move in a three-dimension space to one consisting of four dimensional space-time.

(Louis de Broglie was the first to predict the existence of the wave properties of mass when he theorized that all particles have a wave component.  His theories were confirmed by the discovery of electron diffraction by crystals in 1927 by Davisson and Germer).

Briefly that article showed the four conditions required for resonance to occur in a classical environment, an object, or substance with a natural frequency, a forcing function at the same frequency as the natural frequency, the lack of a damping frequency and the ability for the substance to oscillate spatial would be meet in one consisting of four.

The existence of four *spatial* dimensions would give a matter wave that Louis de Broglie associated with a particle the ability to oscillate spatially on a “surface” between a third and fourth *spatial* dimensions thereby fulfilling one of the requirements for classical resonance to occur.

These oscillations would be caused by an event such as the decay of a subatomic particle or the shifting of an electron in an atomic orbital.  This would force the “surface” of a three-dimensional space manifold to oscillate with respect to a fourth *spatial* dimension at a frequency associated with the energy of that event.

However, the oscillations caused by such an event would serve as forcing function allowing a resonant system or “structure” to be established in four *spatial* dimensions.

Classical mechanics tells us that resonant systems can only take on the discrete or quantized energies associated with a fundamental or a harmonic of their fundamental frequency

Therefore, these resonant systems in a four *spatial* dimensions would define mass and its quantum mechanical properties because of the fact that the volumes of space containing them would have a higher concentration of energy and therefore the mass associated with those volumes would be greater.

This suggest that the Higgs field is made up of the field properties of four *spatial* dimensions and that the magnitude of a mass would be dependent on its geometrical configuration.

If true one should be able to use those field concepts to explain why the mass of corresponding particle types across the three fundamental families of particles in the Standard Model listed in the table below grows larger in each successive family.

As mentioned earlier the article “Why is energy/mass quantized?” showed that one can derive the mass of a particle in terms of the energy contained within a resonant system generated by a matter wave on a “surface” of a three-dimensional space manifold with respect to a fourth *spatial* dimension while the article “Defining energy” showed that one can derive the energy or temperature of an environment in terms a displacement in the same three-dimensional space manifold with respect to a fourth *spatial* dimension.

Therefore using the concepts developed in those articles one could derive the total mass of a particle in terms of the sum of the energies associated with that resonant structure and the displacement in the “surface” of three-dimensional space associated with the energy of the environment it is occupying.

Yet Classical Mechanics tells us there will be specific points in space where the matter wave that Louis de Broglie associated with a particle can interact with the energy content or temperature of its environment to form a resonant system.

Therefore, the mass of each family member would not only be dependent on the energy associated with the resonant system that defined their quantum mechanical properties in the article “Why is energy/mass quantized?” but also on temperature or energy of the environment they are occupying.

Thus suggest the reason “The corresponding particle types across the three families have identical properties except for their mass, which grows larger in each successive family.” is because of an interaction between the resonant properties defined in the article “Why is energy/mass quantized?” and the mass content of the environment they are occupying.

This means the particles in the first family would be found in relativity low energy environments, are relatively stable, and for the most part can be observed in nature.  However, the particles in the second and third families would be for the most part unstable and can be observed only in high-energy environments of particle accelerators.  The exception is the Muon in the second family, which is only observed in the high-energy environment of cosmic radiation.

The relative masses of the fundamental particles increases in each successive family because the higher-energy environments where they occupy would result in the corresponding particles in each successive family to be formed with a greater relative “separation” in the “surfaces” of a three-dimensional space manifold with respect to a fourth *spatial* dimension.

Therefore, the corresponding particles in the second family will have a greater mass than the particles in the first family because the “separation”, with respect to a fourth *spatial* dimension of the three-dimensional space manifold associated with them is greater than the “separation” associated with the first family.

Similarly, the corresponding particles in the third family will have a greater mass than those in the second family because the “separation”, with respect to a fourth *spatial* dimension, of the three-dimensional space manifold associated with them is greater than the spatial “separation” associated with the second family.

Additionally the corresponding particle types across the three families have “identical properties” because as shown in the article “The geometry of quarks” Mar. 15, 2009 they are related to the orientation of the “W” axis of the fourth *spatial* dimension with the axis of three-dimensional space.  Therefore, each corresponding particle across the three families will have similar properties because the orientation of the “W” axis of the fourth *spatial* dimension with respect to the axis of three-dimensional space is the same for the corresponding particles in all of the families.

This explains why “The corresponding particle types across the three families having identical properties except for their mass, which grows larger in each successive family” in terms of the properties of classical resonance and the field properties of four *spatial* dimensions.

This shows how one can use the field properties of four *spatial* dimension or the Higgs Field to understand the causality of the masses of the fundamental particles in the Standard model in terms of a physical image based on the reality of what we can see and touch in our three dimensional environment.

However assuming the Higgs Field is created by the geometry of four *spatial* dimensional allows one to understand the dynamics of the mass of the Higgs boson in same terms as the fundamental particles defined above.

As mentioned earlier the article “Why is energy/mass quantized?” showed that one can derive the total mass of all particles in terms of the sum of energy contained within a resonant system generated by a matter wave on a “surface” of a three-dimensional space manifold with respect to a fourth *spatial* dimension and the energy associated with displacement in the “surface” of three-dimensional space associated the environment it is occupying.

However if one assumes as was done above the Higgs field is created by a spatial displacement in the “surface” of a three-dimensional space manifold with respect to a fourth *spatial* dimension one can conceptually understand how it interacts with space to create its potential energy in terms of the physical image formed by water in a dam. This is because the potential energy of water is defined by its spatial separation with respect to the bottom of a dam.  Therefore according to the above theoretical model, the potential energy or mass contained in the Higgs boson would be defined by its spatial separation in a “surface” of a three-dimensional space manifold with respect to a fourth *spatial* dimension.

In other words it gives one the ability to define the energy and therefore the mass of the Higgs bosom and where it should be located in an environment consisting of four *spatial* dimension in terms of the physical image of water in a dam.  This is because as mentioned earlier the potential energy of water in a dam is solely dependent on the height of the dam while that of the Higgs Boson would be dependent on magnitude of the spatial separation of the three-dimension space manifold it is occupying with respect to a fourth *spatial* dimension.

This shows how it is possible to understand the reality of the Higgs Field in terms of a physical image by reformatting (as was done in the article “Reformulating space-time” Oct 1, 2013) Einstein General Theory of Relativity in terms of four *spatial* dimensions.

It should be remember that Einstein’s genius allows us to chose whether to view the reality of the Higgs Field in either a space-time environment or one consisting of four *spatial* dimension when he defined the geometry of space-time in terms of energy/mass and the constant velocity of light.

Later Jeff

Copyright Jeffrey O’Callaghan 2013 

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However, for the past 50 years brightest minds in the scientist community have been unable to observe the Gravitron or the particle it assumes it responsible for the force of gravity.

Some say this is because it interacts so weakly with matter that modern instruments are not sensitive enough to detect it even with, as mentioned earlier the recent exponential increase in their sensitivity. 
However the reason may be because we have been looking in the wrong direction.

For example in the article ” Linking Gravity with electromagnetism in four *spatial* dimensions”  Dec. 15, 2007 it was shown that one can derive quantum properties of gravitational and electrical forces in terms of a displacement in a “surface” of a three-dimensional space manifold with respect to a fourth *spatial* dimension in a manner that makes prediction identical to those of General Relativity.

Einstein gave us the ability to derive gravity in terms of a displacement a “surface” of a three dimensional space manifold with respect to a fourth spatial dimension when he defined the geometric properties of a space-time universe in terms of the equation E=mc^2 and the constant velocity of light because that provided a method of converting the displacement in space-time he associated with gravity to its equivalent displacement in four *spatial* dimensions.  Additionally because the velocity of light is constant he also defined a one to one quantitative correspondence between his space-time universe and one made up of four *spatial* dimensions.

However as that article one also can derive electromagnetism in terms of spatial displacement of a “surface” of a three dimensional space manifold with respect to fourth *spatial* dimension

For example a wave on the two-dimensional surface of water causes a point on that surface to be become displaced or rise above or below the equilibrium point that existed before the wave was present.  A force will be developed by the differential displacement of the surfaces, which will result in the elevated and depressed portions of the water moving towards or become “attracted” to each other and the surface of the water.

Similarly a matter wave on the “surface” of a three-dimensional space manifold with respect to a fourth *spatial* dimension would cause a point on that “surface” to become displaced or rise above and below the equilibrium point that existed before the wave was present.

Therefore, classical wave mechanics, if extrapolated to four *spatial* dimensions tells us the force developed by the differential displacements caused by a matter wave moving on a “surface” of three-dimensional space with respect to a fourth *spatial* dimension will result in its elevated and depressed portions moving towards or become “attracted” to each other. 

However, it also provides a classical mechanism for understanding why similar charges repel each other because observations of water show that there is a direct relationship between the magnitudes of a displacement in its surface to the magnitude of the force resisting that displacement. 

Similarly the magnitude of a displacement in a “surface” of a three-dimensional space manifold with respect to a fourth *spatial* dimension caused by two similar charges will be greater than that caused by a single one.  Therefore, similar charges will repel each other because the magnitude of the force resisting the displacement will be greater for two similar charges than it would be for a single charge. 

One can define the causality of electrical component of electromagnetic radiation in terms of the energy associated with its “peaks” and “troughs” that is directed perpendicular to its velocity vector while its magnetic component would be associated with the horizontal force developed by that perpendicular displacement. 

However, Classical Mechanics tells us a horizontal force will be developed by that perpendicular or vertical displacement which will always be 90 degrees out of phase with it.  This force is called magnetism.

This is analogous to how the vertical force pushing up of on mountain also generates a horizontal force, which pulls matter horizontally towards from the apex of that displacement

This cannot be done in terms of four-dimensional space time because a time or a space-time dimension is only observed to move in one direction forward and therefore could not support the bidirectional movement required to create a differential displacement.

However it also provides a method of linking electromagnetic and gravitational forces to their quantum mechanical properties the Standard Model associated with the Gravitron because as the article ” Why is energy/mass quantized? ” Oct. 4, 2007 showed one can derive them by extrapolating the laws of classical resonance in a three-dimensional environment to a matter wave moving on a “surface” of a three dimensional space manifold with respect to a fourth *spatial* dimension. 

Briefly it showed the four conditions required for resonance to occur in a classical environment, an object, or substance with a natural frequency, a forcing function at the same frequency as the natural frequency, the lack of a damping frequency and the ability for the substance to oscillate spatial would be meet by a matter wave in an environment consisting of four *spatial* dimensions. 

The existence of four *spatial* dimensions would give a matter wave the ability to oscillate spatially on a “surface” between a third and fourth *spatial* dimensions thereby fulfilling one of the requirements for classical resonance to occur.

These oscillations would be caused by an event such as the decay of a subatomic particle or the shifting of an electron in an atomic orbital.  This would force the “surface” of a three-dimensional space (the substance) to oscillate with respect to a fourth *spatial* dimension at the frequency associated with the energy of that event.

The oscillations caused by such an event would serve as forcing function allowing a resonant system or “structure” to be established in four *spatial* dimensions.

Observations of a three-dimensional environment tell us that the energy of a resonant system can only take on the discrete or quantized values associated with the fundamental or a harmonic of its fundamental resonant

Similarly the energy of a resonant system in an environment consisting of four *spatial* dimensional environment could only take on the discrete or quantized values associated with the fundamental or a harmonic of a resonant system in that environment. 

These resonant systems are responsible for the quantum mechanical properties the energy/mass.

However the above theoretical model shows that the quantum unit of both gravity or the Gravitron and electromagnetism; the photon share a common origin in a resonant system and therefore would interact with each other. This suggests that instead of looking for gravitons effect on matter one would be more likely to find it by observe the random effects it would have on the movement of extremely light particles such as low frequency photons.

This random effect would be amplified by the distance traveled so with our advanced technologies if it exists we should be able to observe a difference between photons with nearby verse ones with far away origins.

Later Jeff

Copyright Jeffrey O’Callaghan 2012

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