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Why do a proton and an election have different masses even though the absolute magnitude of their charge is the same?
The answer to this question can be found in terms of gradients in a "surface" of a three-dimensional space manifold with respect to a fourth *spatial* dimension caused by the charges of the proton and electron.
Chapter one postulated space is composed of four *spatial* dimensions and a continuous non-quantized form of mass.
Chapter two, showed the particle properties of a proton and electron are derivable in terms of classically resonating system formed by a matter wave in a continuous non-quantized form of mass.
Chapter ten will show that a curvature or gradient in a "surface" of a three-dimensional space manifold with respect to a fourth *spatial* dimension is responsible for all forms of energy.
This curvature is analogous to the space-time curvature The General Theory of Relativity hypothesized is responsible for gravitational energy.
It differs in the fact that defining energy in terms of four *spatial* dimensions allows for a bidirectional spatial movement of a "surface" of a three-dimensional space manifold where as defining it in terms of four dimensional space-time does not. This is because one can move in two directions up or down, forwards or backwards in a spatial dimension but in only one direction, forward in a time dimension.
Chapter thirteen will derive the polarity and absolute magnitude of the unit charge of a proton and electron in terms a bidirectional movement of a "surface" of a three-dimensional space manifold with respect to a fourth *spatial* dimension.
The positive charge of a proton and will be derived in terms of "downward" movement in a "surface" of a three-dimensional space manifold with respect to a fourth *spatial* dimension. While the negative the charge of an electron will be derived in terms of oppositely directed "upward" movement in that surface.
The mechanism responsible for generating this movement will be defined in Chapter twelve. It will be shown that when energy is released by the conversion of mass to energy, it "expands" towards a fourth *spatial* dimension. This would result in the movement of the "surface" of the three-dimensional space manifold where that mass is located with respect to a fourth *spatial* dimension. An oppositely directed movement would occur when energy is converted to mass in particle accelerators.
The effects the energy associated with these movements have on the density of continuous non-quantized mass of the resonant systems that defined a proton and electron in Chapter Two are analogous to the effects high and low pressure areas in the earth's atmosphere have on density of air molecules.
In a high-pressure area, the energy of air molecules is directed downward towards the surface of the earth. This results in the density of the air molecules at the apex of a high-pressure area to be greater than the density of the air molecules in the volume of air adjacent to the apex of a high-pressure area.
Conversely, in a low-pressure area the energy of the air molecules is directed upward away from the surface of the earth. This result in the density of the air molecules at the apex of a low-pressure area to be less than the density of the air molecules in the volume of air adjacent to the apex of a low-pressure area.
A similar effect would occur in space with respect to the density of a continuous non-quantized form of mass.
In a dimensional “high-energy volume” associated with the positive charge of a proton, the energy of the continuous non-quantized mass component of space would be directed “downward” with respect to a fourth *spatial* dimension, towards the “surface” of a three-dimension space manifold. This results in the density of the continuous non-quantized mass component in the resonant system of a proton to be greater relative to its density in the volume of space adjacent to it.
This is analogous to how the air molecules at the apex of a high-pressure area in the earth's atmosphere would be denser than the air molecules in the volume of air adjacent to the apex of a high-pressure area.
Conversely in a dimensional “low-energy volume” associated with the negative charge of an electron, the energy of the continuous non-quantized mass component of space would be directed “upward” with respect to a fourth *spatial* dimension, away from the “surface” of a three-dimension space manifold. This results in the density of the continuous non-quantized mass component in the resonant system of an electron to be less relative to its density in the volume of space adjacent to it.
Therefore, the density of a continuous non-quantized form of mass in the resonant of a proton will be greater than that of an electron even though the magnitude of the energy the same but oppositely directed.
This is analogous to why the density of air molecules in a high-pressure area is greater that in a low-pressure area even though the magnitude of their energy is same but oppositely directed.
Chapter twelve will shown that the mass of a particle or object is dependent on the density or concentration of a continuous non-quantized form of mass contained in the volume of that particle or object.
Therefore the relative mass of a proton will be greater that the mass of an electron even though the absolute magnitude of their charge is the same because the density of the continuous non-quantized form of mass is greater in the volume occupied by a proton than an electron.
The universe's
most powerful enabling tool is not
knowledge or understanding but
imagination
because it extends the reality of
one's environment.
Copyright 1995 Jeffrey O'Callaghan
