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The theoretical model presented in this paper has and will shown it is possible to define a common unifying mechanism for the particle/wave duality of mass and energy and relativistic properties of space and time in terms of the existence of four *spatial* dimensions and a continuous non-quantized form of mass.
In this chapter a procedure will be outlined that will allow for a quantitative measurement of the physical properties associated with a fundamental component of this theoretical model, a continuous non-quantized form mass, which will enable the experimental verification of the mechanisms and processes presented in this paper.
Chapter one postulated a volume of space is composed of four *spatial* dimensions and a continuous non-quantized form of mass.
Chapter two derived the quantum or particle characteristics of mass in terms of integral energies with a classically resonating "system" formed in space supported by "oscillations" in a continuous non-quantized form of mass.
Chapter three derived the propagation of a photon in terms of a matter wave moving at the velocity of light on a "surface" of a three-dimensional space manifold with respect to a fourth *spatial* dimension. It was shown this matter wave generates the "oscillations" in a continuous non-quantized form of mass that defined its particle characteristics in Chapter two.
Therefore, Chapters two and three define a common mechanism responsible for particle/wave duality of mass and energy because they derive both in terms of "oscillations" in a continuous non-quantized form of mass.
(Louis de Broglie was the first to theorize that all particles have a wave component. His theories were confirmed by the discovery of electron diffraction by crystals in 1927 by Davisson and Germer. However, this means there must be a continuous non-quantized medium for it to be propagated on because even the smallest possible particle must have a wave component. However, macroscopic observations of wave energy indicate that it can only be propagated on a medium made up of mass. Therefore, the success of Louis de Broglie theory indicates that a continuous non-quantized form of mass exists.)
Chapter fifteen derived the relativistic properties of space and time in terms of a curvature in a "surface" of a three-dimensional space manifold with respect to a fourth *spatial* dimension.
Chapter twelve derived gravitational forces in terms of the quantity of a continuous non-quantized form of mass contained in a curvature in a "surface" of a three-dimensional space manifold with respect to a fourth *spatial* dimension.
Therefore, Chapters two, three, fifteen and twelve derives a common mechanism responsible for the relativistic properties of gravity, space and time and connects them to their particle/wave properties in terms of the classical laws of physics and the existence of four *spatial* dimensions and a continuous non-quantized form of mass.
The following discussion will describe an experimental technique, which will allow for direct observation and quantification of a continuous non-quantized form of mass this theoretical model postulates is fundamentally responsible for both the quantum properties of mass and energy and the relativistic properties of space and time.
The following article which appeared in the Physics News Update The American Institute of Physics Bulletin of Physics News http://www.aip.org/physnews/update/ Number 391, September 15, 1998 by Phillip F. Schewe and Ben Stein of NASA reported observing an anomalous acceleration in several of its space probes that is consistent with this paper concept of a continuous non-quantized form of mass. (These findings of Phillip F Schewe and Ben Stein were confirmed in Physics News update http://www.aip.org/physnews/update/ article 447)
ANOMALOUS ACCELERATION Data from several spacecraft, including Pioneer 10 and 11, Galileo, and Ulysses provide evidence for an unexplained, weak, long-range acceleration, a new report shows. Position and velocity information is derived from radio signals sent from the craft to the Deep Space Network back on Earth. Any change in velocity over time can be ascribed to a variety of known sources: the sun and planets, the solar wind, the Milky Way, the Kuiper belt, etc. But even after taking this all into account, as well as other possibilities such as the presence of dark mass in the solar system (only a millionth of a solar mass of dark mass could reside within the orbit of Uranus, it is estimated) or gas leakage from the vehicles themselves, a small acceleration in the direction of the Sun---8 x 10-8 cm/sec^2 for Pioneer 10---remains unaccounted for. Signs of this anomaly first appeared in the Pioneer tracking as long ago as 1980 Pioneer 10 was launched in 1972 and is presently 70 astronomical units from Earth. Now six space scientists, armed with many years of Pioneer data, supplemented with trajectory information from Galileo and Ulysses, have carried out the first thorough analysis of the problem and find the anomaly to be as persistent as ever. (The Voyager spacecraft are less useful for determining acceleration anomalies.) The researchers doubt but do not rule out the possibility of a novel gravitational effect or other kind of new physics. Alternative explanations include subtle systematic errors in the data analysis or unexpected aspects of space navigation. Further work on this problem may extend to the observed motions of planets, comets, and the proposed Pluto Express craft. (John D. Anderson et al., Physical Review Letters, 5 October 1998 contact John Anderson at JPL, 818-354-3956, john.d.anderson@jpl.nasa.gov or Michael Nieto at Los Alamos, 505-667-6127, mmn@mmn.lanl.gov journalists can obtain copies of the article from AIP Public Information.)"
As mentioned earlier Chapter one, postulated a volume of space is composed of a continuous non-quantized form of mass.
If space was composed of a continuous non-quantized form of mass, it could be responsible for the anomalous decelerations observed in NASA's space probes.
(The acceleration of NASA space probes is directed towards the sun so therefore it would be defined as deceleration with respect sun)
The deceleration caused by a continuous non-quantized form of mass would be analogous to the slowing or decelerating effects air has on the movement of aircraft.
Air provides resistance to the movement of an aircraft causing it to slow or decelerate.
Similarly, if space did contain a continuous non-quantized form of mass it would provide "resistance" to a space probes movement causing them to decelerate.
It should be possible to analytically verify a connection between the anomalous acceleration NASA has observed on its deep space probes to the existence of a continuous non-quantized form of mass by comparing the energy loss observed in NASA's space probes to the red shift observed in the emission spectra of stars.
Chapter one postulated a portion of the energy loss associated with a red shift observed in star's spectra may be due to the "resistive" or decelerative properties this paper associates with a continuous non-quantized form of mass.
Therefore, if the deceleration of NASA's space probes is due to a resistive property of a continuous non-quantized form of mass, it should be possible to correlate it to the energy loss or red shift of a photon that Chapter one associated with a continuous non-quantized form of mass.
One could determine the energy loss of light as it traveled though a continuous medium by measuring the percentage of energy loss of per distance traveled due by observing the red shift of a star's spectra that was related only to the distance it traveled. (The red shifted of light due to the relative motion of the object being observed must be factored out because it is not related to the decelerative properties of a continuous non-quantized form of mass.)
(Some feel that a photon's energy can only be altered is by an interaction with another particle. This interaction would result in an effect called Compton scattering. Since no Compton scattering is observed in the red shift coming from star it is assumed by many astronomers it can only be caused by the movement of an object away from an observer.
However, as was mentioned earlier Chapter three showed the particle properties of a photon are the result of a resonant "system" generated by a matter wave in a continuous non-quantized form of mass moving on a "surface" of a three-dimensional space manifold with respect to a fourth *spatial* dimension.
Therefore, because a photon is made up of a matter wave in a continuous non-quantized form of mass a portion of the redshift may be the result of an interaction between the matter wave responsible for its particle properties and a continuous non-quantized form of mass.)
One could then use this calculation to determine how much of the observed deceleration in NASA's space probes was due to the existence of a continuous non-quantized form of mass. If the value of the energy loss obtained in the above manner correlates with the anomalous energy loss or deceleration NASA has observed on its deep space probes it would have a tendency to verify the one of the fundamental postulates of this theoretical model; the existence of a continuous non-quantized form of mass.
As was pointed out in the above Physics News Update article even after taking into account "other possibilities such as the presence of "Dark Matter" in the solar system the observed deceleration of these space probes cannot be accounted for.
However, as was shown in Chapter one this theoretical model defines "Dark Matter" in a much broader sense than what was suggested in the article appearing in the Physics News Update regarding the deceleration of NASA space probes. This is because defines "Dark Matter" in terms of a continuous non-quantized form of mass contained in a volume along with any other particular mass such as protons, neutrons, electrons or photons contained in that volume of space.
Therefore, one must add the decelerating properties this paper associates with a continuous non-quantized form of mass to the decelerating properties NASA associates with the particular "Dark Matter" mentioned in the above article to obtain the magnitude of the decelerations experience by the space probes.
The reason NASA's calculations regarding the decelerations on its space probes mentioned in the above article are "anomalous" is because they only used the decelerative properties they associated with the particular "Dark Matter" and did not factor in the deceleration that would be caused by the existence of a continuous non-quantized form of mass.
Chapter fifteen showed time dilation and the foreshortening of length due to a velocity is related to a curvature in a "surface" of a three-dimensional space manifold with respect to a fourth *spatial* dimension and not to a curvature in a four dimensional space-time manifold.
In Chapter twelve, gravitational energy was derived in terms of a "curvature" or "depression" in a "surface" of a three-dimensional space with respect to the fourth spatial dimension.
It was shown this curvature in a "surface" of a three-dimension space manifold with respect to a fourth *spatial* dimension is analogous to the space-time curvature the Theory of Relativity predicts is the causality of gravity.
However, Chapter fifteen showed a universe consisting of four *spatial* dimensions instead of four-dimension space-time makes predictions identical in every respect, with regard to the relativistic properties of space and time, to those of the Special and General Theory of Relativity.
It defines the foreshorten of length and dilation of time due to a gravitational field in terms of a "curvature" in the "surface" of the third spatial dimension with respect to the fourth spatial dimension instead of a curvature in four dimensional space time.
Therefore, both this theoretical model and the Theory of Relativity make similar predictions regarding the positions of NASA’s Space probes with respect to the spatial geometry both of these theories associate with a gravitational field.
However, this theoretical model also predicts the existence of a continuous non-quantized form of mass that if taken into account would allow NASA to make a more accurate prediction of the position of its space probes.
The universe's
most powerful enabling tool is not
knowledge or understanding but
imagination
because it extends the reality of
one's environment.
Copyright 1995 Jeffrey O'Callaghan
