The Imagineer's Chronicles:
        A theoretical blog
               

As Brian Greene pointed out in his book "The Elegant Universe", one of the unsolved mysteries of modern particle physics is why every fundamental particle encountered to date can be group into three families.

"Physicists have recognized a pattern among these particles displayed in the following table.  The matter particles neatly fall into three groups, which are often called families.  Each family contains two of the quarks an electron or one of its cousins and one of their neutrino species.  The corresponding particle types across the three families have identical properties except for their mass, which grows larger in each successive family."

The answer to Brian Greene's question regarding why the particles in the above table can be group into three families is related to the resonant "structures" that defined the quantum properties of mass in Chapter two.

That article was shown that one can derive the quantum or particle properties of mass and energy in terms of a resonant system formed on "surface" of a three-dimensional space manifold with respect to a fourth *spatial* dimension.  The mass of the individual particles in each family would them be derivable  by extrapolating the laws of classical resonance to four *spatial* dimensions because it tells us that that their energy and mass can only exist in discrete packets related to a harmonic of their fundamental frequency.  

Additionally Chapter twelve showed that one can derive the mass of a macroscopic objects in terms of a curvature in a "surface" of a three-dimensional space manifold with respect to a fourth *spatial* dimension.  It was shown that mass is a result of the spatial *separation* of the apex of this curvature in a "surface" of a three-dimensional space manifold with respect to a fourth *spatial* dimension.

(This curvature caused by a "depression" in a "surface" of a three-dimensional space manifold with respect to a fourth *spatial* dimension this paper postulates is responsible for the mass of an object is analogous to the space-time curvature the Einstein postulated is responsible for the mass of an object mass.)

Finally Chapter ten showed one can derived all forms of energy, including gravitational, electrical and thermal, in terms of the of a spatial "separation" between different "surfaces" of a three-dimensional space manifold with respect to a fourth *spatial* dimension.

As mentioned earlier Chapter twelve showed the mass of all objects including particles are a result of a spatial separation in a "surface" of three-dimensional space manifold with respect to a fourth "spatial" dimension.  However, this means it would be also dependent on the energy of the environment they are occupying because as was shown in article Chapter ten the energy content of an environment determines the spatial separation between the "surfaces" of two three-dimensional space manifolds.

However, this indicates the masses of fundamental particles in each family in the above table cannot take on any random value because their individual energies would be result of the fundamental or harmonic of the resonant frequency of the environment they are occupying.

Therefore, because there are only specific points in space where environments can resonant, each of the corresponding particle type across the three families would have a specific mass related to the energy of the environment in which they were created.

The particles in the first family are found in relativity low energy environments, are relatively stable, and for the most part can be observed in nature.  However, the particles in the second and third families are for the most part unstable and can be observed only in high-energy environments of particle accelerators.  The exception is the Muon in the second family, which is only observed in the high-energy environment of cosmic radiation.

The relative masses of the fundamental particles increases in each successive family because as shown in Chapter ten the higher-energy environments where they are generated in result in the corresponding particles in each successive family to be formed with a greater relative "separation" in the “surfaces” of a three-dimensional space manifold with respect to a fourth *spatial* dimension than the particle in the preceding families.

Therefore, the corresponding particles in the second family will have a greater mass than the particles in the first family because the "separation", with respect to a fourth *spatial* dimension of the three-dimensional space manifold associated with the second family is greater than the "separation", associated with the first family.

Similarly, the corresponding particles in the third family will have a greater mass than those in the second family because the "separation", with respect to a fourth *spatial* dimension, of the three-dimensional space manifold associated with the third family is greater than the spatial "separation", associated with the second family.

This defines the mechanism responsible for the increase in mass of the fundamental quantum particles across the three families in terms of a "separation" in surface of a three-dimensional space manifold with respect to a fourth *spatial* dimensions and the resonant properties associated with a continuous non-quantized form of mass.

The corresponding particle types across the three families have similar electrical properties because as shown in Chapter nineteen the electrical properties of a fundamental particle are related to the orientation of the "W" axis of the fourth *spatial* dimension with the axis of three-dimensional space.  Therefore, each corresponding particle across the three families will have similar electrical properties because the orientation of the "W" axis of the fourth spatial dimension with respect to the axis of three-dimensional space is the same for the corresponding particles in all of the families.

This defines the physical mechanism for why "The corresponding particle types across the three families having identical properties except for their mass, which grows larger in each successive family”.

The universe's most powerful enabling tool is not
  knowledge or understanding but imagination
  because it extends the reality of
  one's environment.""

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Copyright 1995 Jeffrey O'Callaghan