The propose of this discussion is to derive the electrical properties of quarks in terms of pressure gradients in a "surface" of a three-dimensional space manifold with respect to a fourth *spatial* dimension.

It is based on the following definitions.

There are six types of quarks UP/Down, Charm/Strange and Top/Bottom.  The Up, Charm and Top have a fractional charge of 2/3.  The Down, Strange and Bottom have a fractional charge of -1/3.

A proton is made up of two Up and one Down quark, so two quarks of 2/3, which add up to 4/3, is balanced by a quark of -1/3, to give the proton an electrical charge of +1.  By contrast, neutrons are made up of one Up quark (2/3) and two Down quarks (-1/3 + -1/3), so they add up to 0.  Thus, the neutron has electrical charge of zero.

Chapter one postulated space is composed of four *spatial* dimensions and a continuous non-quantized form of mass and energy.

Chapter thirteen derived the magnitude of a unit electric charge in terms of a "pressure gradient" in a continuous non-quantized form of mass and the effects it has on a "surface" of a three-dimensional space manifold with respect to a fourth *spatial* dimension.

Additionally it was shown these "pressure gradients" in a continuous non-quantized form of mass responsible for a unit electric charge has characteristics of four *spatial* dimensions therefore, it's energy will be distributed over the coordinate planes of a three-dimensional space manifold with respect to its orientation to a fourth *spatial* dimension.

The component of the "pressure gradient" is that is directed parallel to the force of that "pressure gradient" will be directed along a single coordinate plane of a three-dimensional space manifold.

However, the component of the "pressure gradient" is that is perpendicular to the force of that "pressure gradient" will be directed along the two coordinate planes of a three-dimensional space manifold that are perpendicular to the direction of the force.

In other words 2/3's of the total energy of these gradients in a continuous non-quantized form of mass would be directed along the two three-dimensional coordinate planes that are perpendicular to the "pressure gradient" in a continuous non-quantized form of mass.

The remaining, 1/3 of the total energy of the gradients in a continuous non-quantized form of mass responsible for a unit electrical charge would be directed along a single coordinate plane of three-dimensional space that was parallel to the direction of the "pressure gradient" a in continuous non-quantized form of mass.

Chapter ten defined the orientation of the axes of four-dimensional space and derived the casualty all forces in terms of a distortion or curvature in a "surface" of a three-dimensional space manifold with respect to a fourth *spatial* dimension.  Therefore, a distortion generated in each individual coordinate plane of a three-dimensional space manifold by "pressure gradients" in a continuous non-quantized form of mass would define the causality of the fractional charge of quarks.

The fractional charge of Up, Charm and Top quarks would be caused by the energy of the "pressure gradients" in a continuous non-quantized form of mass that is directed along the two three-dimensional coordinate planes that are perpendicular to the direction of the force of those "pressure gradients".

Therefore, they would posses 2/3 of the total charge or energy responsible for a unit electrical charge.

The fractional charge of Down, Strange and Bottom quarks would be caused by the energy of "pressure gradients" a continuous non-quantized form of mass that is directed along a single three-dimensional coordinate plane that is parallel in to the direction of the force generated by the pressured gradient.

Therefore, they would posses 1/3 of the total charge and energy of a continuous non-quantized form of mass responsible for a unit electrical charge.

A proton is made up of two Up and one Down Quark.

One of these Up Quarks is a result of a summation of the force in a continuous non-quantized form of mass associated with a positive unit charge of a proton that is directed along the two three-dimensional coordinate planes that are perpendicular to the direction of the force generated by the pressure gradient.  Therefore, it will have a charge of 2/3 of the total positive electrical energy of the proton.

However, this results in an imbalance in the continuous non-quantized form of mass associated with the positive electrical energy of a proton that is directed along the single coordinate plane of a three-dimensional space that is parallel to the direction of the force of the energy gradients with respect to a fourth *spatial* dimension.

This is because, as mentioned earlier, the energy of a unit electric energy of a proton is distributed between all three coordinate planes of three-dimensional space.

Therefore, to balance the positive electrical energy of a proton directed along the single coordinate plane that is parallel to the direction of the force of the pressure gradient, a proton attracts an electron or a down Quark whose negative electrical energy is oppositely directed along that single coordinate plane.

This balances and restores the symmetry of the "pressure gradient" in a continuous non-quantized form of mass with respect to the single coordinate plane that is parallel to the positive electrical energy of the proton directed along that coordinate plane.

However, as mentioned earlier the "pressure gradients" in a continuous non-quantized form of mass of both a unit negative and positive electric charge are divided or distributed between all the coordinate planes of three-dimensional space.

This means there would be an imbalance in the "pressure gradient" in a continuous non-quantized form of mass associated with a proton that is directed along the two coordinate planes of three-dimensional space that are perpendicular to the "pressure gradient" in a continuous non-quantized form of mass associated with an electron or down Quark.

Therefore, to balance the energy of a continuous non-quantized mass component of a proton directed along the two coordinate planes of three-dimensional space that are perpendicular to the force generated by the pressure gradient the proton "attacks" another Up quark.

Therefore, a proton consists of two Up quarks with a charge of +2/3 and one Down quark with a charge -1/3 leaving the proton with the "pressure gradients" in an electrical charge of plus one.

A neutron is the result of a proton "absorbing" the electrical energy or combining the "pressure gradient" of a down quark that is directed along the single coordinate plane of three-dimensional space that is parallel to the "pressure gradient" of the positive electrical energy of a proton.  This results in the cancellation of the electrical energy responsible for the positive and negative electrical charges of a proton and electron along that coordinate plane of three-dimensional space.

However, the energy of the pressure gradient of an electron or down quark is also distributed along the two axes that are perpendicular to the force generated by the pressure gradient.  Therefore, the "pressure gradients" in the negative charge of an electron directed along these axes combines with the energy of the positive electrical pressure of a proton to form another down quark.

Therefore, a neutron would consist of two Down quarks and one Up quark.

This defines a physical mechanism responsible for the electrical structure of Quarks and how they combine to form protons and neutrons in terms of the geometry of fourth *spatial* dimensions and the existence of a continuous non-quantized form of mass. 

“The universe's most powerful enabling tool is
not knowledge or understanding
but imagination"
Jeffrey O'Callaghan

Next Chapter

7