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The propose of this discussion is to derive the electrical properties of quarks in terms of pressure gradients in a "surface" of a three-dimensional space manifold with respect to a fourth *spatial* dimension.
(The mechanism responsible for generating pressure "gradients" in a three-dimensional space manifold was define in Chapter twelve where it was shown that the energy released when mass is converted to energy, "expands" towards a fourth *spatial* dimension thereby causing a pressure gradient to be formed in three-dimensional space.)
It is based on the following definitions.
There are six types of quarks UP/Down, Charm/Strange and Top/Bottom. The Up, Charm and Top have a fractional charge of 2/3. The Down, Strange and Bottom have a fractional charge of -1/3.
A proton is made up of two Up and one Down quark, so two quarks of 2/3, which add up to 4/3, is balanced by a quark of -1/3, to give the proton an electrical charge of +1. By contrast, neutrons are made up of one Up quark (2/3) and two Down quarks (-1/3 + -1/3), so they add up to 0. Thus, the neutron has electrical charge of zero.
Chapter one postulated space is composed of four *spatial* dimensions and a continuous non-quantized form of mass.
Chapter ten derived all forms of energy including electrical in terms of a displacement in a "surface" of a three-dimensional space manifold with respect to a fourth *spatial* dimension.
However, we as three-dimensional beings can only observe three of the four spatial dimensions. Therefore, the energy associated with a displacement in its "surface" with respect to a fourth *spatial* dimension will be observed by us as being directed along that "surface". However, because two of the three-dimensions we can observe are parallel to that surface we will observe it to have 2/3 of the total energy associated with that displacement and we will observe the other 1/3 as being directed along the signal dimension that is perpendicular to that surface.
This means the 2/3 fractional charge of the Up, Charm and Top may be related to the energy directed along a "surface" of a displaced three-dimensional space manifold with respect to a four *spatial* dimension while the -1/3 charge of The Down, Strange and Bottom may be associated with the energy that is directed perpendicular to that "surface".
The reason why quarks come in three configurations or colors with a fractional charge of 1/3 or 2/3 may be because, as was shown in Chapter ten there are three ways the individual axis of three-dimensional space can be oriented with respect to a fourth *spatial* dimension. Therefore, the configuration or "colors" of each quark may be related to how its energy is distributed in three-dimensional space with respect to a fourth *spatial* dimension.
However, it may also explain why it takes three quarks of different "colors" to form a particle because, as mentioned earlier one can define a particle in terms of a resonant system on a "surface" a three-dimensional space manifold with respect to a fourth *spatial* dimension. If the colors of each quark represent the central axis associated with its charge then to form a stable resonate system would require three quarks that have different central axis to balance its energy with respect to the axes of three-dimensional space. A particle could not exist if two quarks have the same central axis or color because it would cause an energy imbalance along that axis. Therefore, a particle consisting of anything but quarks of three different colors would not stable.
This shows that it may be possible to define the electrical properties of quarks and how they combine to form particles in terms of the geometry of four *spatial* dimensions.
The universe's most
powerful enabling tool is not
knowledge or understanding but
imagination
because it extends the reality of
one's environment.""
Copyright 1995 Jeffrey O'Callaghan
