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The Imagineer's
Chronicles:
A theoretical blog
Chapter One
Defining the properties of a universe consisting of time and four *spatial* dimensions is not possible until we have an understanding of the causality of the forces responsible for those properties.
This paper postulates a volume of space is composed of a continuous non-quantized or non-particle “field” of mass and energy and interactions between these fields and four *spatial* dimensions is responsible for the casualty of the forces found in nature.
Time will be defined only as being a measure of the sequential ordering of the causality of events, then the causality of the forces of gravity, electromagnetism and the particle or quantum characteristics of mass and energy will be derived in terms of the physical properties of four *spatial* dimensions. Time will be individually linked to each coordinate plane of four *spatial* dimensions by the experimentally observed sequential ordering of events that occur in each coordinate plane.
The relativistic properties of motion, gravity and its equivalence to accelerated reference frames will be derived in Chapter fifteen in terms of the existence of a four *spatial* dimensions instead of four-dimensional space-time.
There are four forces related to the existence of a positive and negative matter and energyfield components of four *spatial* dimensions. Their interactions are responsible for the geometric structure of the universe.
The matterfield component of space defines the mass of an object while a distortion in a "surface" of a three-dimensional space manifold with respect to fourth *spatial* dimension defines its energyfield component.
Most are familiar with three out of four forces that define the geometric structure of the universe
Mass is associated with a positive matterfield component of space while electrical and gravitational forces related to the energyfield component of the geometry of four *spatial* dimensions.
However, some may not be familiar with the negative matterfield component of space. It will be shown later this field is associated with the mass component of anti-particles.
(The physical mechanism responsible for a negative matterfield component of space and the mass associated with the anti particle called the positron will be developed in Chapter twenty-one in terms of the geometry of four *spatial* dimensions.)
All the forces of nature will be derived in terms of a geometric distortion or "displacement* in a "surface" of a three-dimensional space manifold with respect to a fourth *spatial* dimension.
It will be shown the gravitational forces associated with mass are generated by a "curvature" in a "surface" of a three-dimensional space manifold with respect to a fourth *spatial* dimension.
The forces associated with antimatter will be derived in terms of an oppositely directed curvature in that "surface".
It will be shown that electric and magnetic forces have a common origin in terms of energy "gradients" generated in a "surface" of a three-dimensional space manifold while their attractive and repulsive properties will derived in terms of how it interacts with the geometry four *spatial* dimensions.
These forces interact to produce the geometric properties of space.
However, it should be remembered these four forces are generated out of one continuous non-quantized form of mass and the geometry of four *spatial* dimensions.
In Chapter three, the wave properties electromagnetic energy will be derived in terms of a matter wave moving at the speed of light on a "surface" of a three-dimensional space manifold with respect to a fourth *spatial* dimension.
In Chapter two, the quantum or particle properties of a photon, mass, and energy will be derived in terms of a resonant system or "structure" formed in space by "vibrations" generated by a matter wave in a continuous non-quantized form of mass.
Therefore, Chapters two and three define a common mechanism responsible for both the particle and wave properties of mass, and energy because they are both derived in terms of a mechanism related to a resonant system or "structure" generated by a matter wave in continuous non-quantized form of mass.
(Louis de Broglie was the first to theorize that all particles have a wave component. His theories were confirmed by the discovery of electron diffraction by crystals in 1927 by Davisson and Germer. However, this means there must be a continuous non-quantized medium for it to be propagated on because even the "smallest" particle must have a wave component. Therefore, the success of Louis de Broglie theory requires the existence of a continuous non-quantized form of mass/energy to support the "smallest" possible particle.)
As mentioned earlier, in Chapter three the propagation of a photon will be derived in terms a resonant matter wave moving at the speed of light on a "surface" of a three-dimensional space manifold with respect to a fourth *spatial* dimension. Its energy will then be defined in terms of the Kinetic energy or E=1/2*m*v^2 of a continuous matterfield component of space. Where "E" equals the magnitude of the energyfield, "m" equals the magnitude of the matterfield component of a matter wave associated with a photon and "v" would equal the "velocity" of the matter wave.
Additionally Chapter fifteen will shown the velocity of light is universally constant, despite the fact that it is transmitted on a physical medium consisting of a continuous non-quantized form of mass because of a relativistic property of four *spatial* dimensions.
Another physical property of the continuous non-quantized mass component of space can be illustrated by comparing it to different forms of water in the air.
Water vapor is difficult to detect with the eye because of the small size of its particles while the condensed particles of water vapor or fog become visible because they are in a form that is detectable to the human eye.
The matterfield component of space has similar properties.
In the "vapor" state, a continuous non-quantized form of mass is difficult to detect because it is not made up of particles but a continuous field. However, in a "condensed state" or a state where the resonant "structures" that defined particles in Chapter two exists, these quanta of the continuous non-quantized form of mass, (such as electron or proton) become detectable by scientific instrumentation because they are only calibrated to detect mass in its quantized or particle form.
This paper hypothesizes particles are composed of "aggregations" of a continuous non-quantized mass component of space thereby taking a form which is detectable with scientific instruments.
Mass and the gravitational forces associated with mass will be derived in Chapter twelve to be the result of a distortion, or "curvature" in a "surface" of a three-dimensional space manifold with respect to a fourth *spatial* dimension.
This "curvature" in a "surface" of a three-dimensional space manifold with respect to a fourth *spatial* dimension is analogous to the curvature in a space-time manifold that Einstein's General Theory of Relativity postulates is responsible for gravitational force.
In Chapter thirteen the polarity and magnitude of a positive and negative unit charge will be derived in terms of an energy gradient in a "surface" of a three-dimensional space manifold with respect to a fourth *spatial* dimension.
In Chapter eight, the mass of a proton will be derived in terms of a distortion or “depression” in a “surface” of a three-dimensional space manifold with respect to the fourth "spatial" dimension.
The mass of an electron will be derived in terms of an “oppositely directed” distortion or “elevation” in a “surface” of a three-dimensional space manifold with respect to the fourth "spatial" dimension.
The “strong nuclear force" that "binds" a nucleus of an atom together can be derived in terms of the resonant "structure" that defined a particle in Chapter two.
As mentioned earlier Chapter two will derive the quantum properties of particles in terms of a resonant "structure" formed in space by "vibrations" of a continuous non-quantized form of mass.
This paper postulates the strong nuclear force is the result of the spatial separation between protons and neutrons in a nucleus becoming small enough so their resonant energies can interact to form one homogenous stable resonant "structure" composed of particles of a continuous non-quantized form of mass.
These larger stable resonant "structures" are called atomic nuclei.
The presence of a neutron in the nucleus of atoms containing more than one proton is necessary to form a stable nucleonic "structure" because the non-charged resonant system or "structure" of a neutron interacts with the charged resonant system of a proton. This increases the ratio of the attractive or binding forces of the resonant component of the nucleus with respect to the repulsive force associated with the electrical component in a nucleus allowing a stable resonant "structure" to be formed.
(The internal structure of quarks and how it relates to the stability of proton's and neutron's will be derived in Chapter nineteen in terms of an interaction between the matter and energy field components of space and the geometry of four *spatial* dimensions.)
The magnitude of the strong nuclear force is related to the size of the homogenous resonant structure associated with a nucleus.
The size or diameter of a nucleus increases as is the atomic weight increases.
Therefore, after a certain atomic weight is reached a nucleus will become physically too large for the individual resonant "structures" associated with the protons and neutron to uniformly share the energy require to maintain a stable resonant "structure" associated with that nucleus. This will result in that nucleus expelling the energy required to reduce its physical size to a point where a stable resonant "structure" can be maintained. Therefore, any nucleus that is physically large that this will be radioactive.
Additionally, the nucleus of atoms that have an atomic weight less that the critical value for establishing homogenous resonant "structure" would increase its weight and size by "absorbing" energy from an external source if the energy were allowed to get spatial close enough to the nucleus so that it could become part of the internal resonant structure of that nucleus. This will result in increasing the size and atomic number of that nucleus.
This indicates that the effectiveness of the stronger nuclear force in absorbing or emitting a particle will be dependent on the distance from the center of the nucleus of an atom.
The exact composition of space now becomes relevant to the study.
This paper defines the physical structure of space in terms of a dynamic relationship between the geometric properties of four *spatial* dimensions and a continuous non-quantized form of mass. Therefore, a volume of space must have properties associated with mass because is, in part, made up of mass.
Following this logic, a question is presented: Why hasn't this mass been detected?
Stepping back in history may shed light on the answer to this question.
Many people of the fifteenth century did not realize the Earth was spherical because its curvature was small compared to their scope of their vision. However, the shadow of the earth on the moon during a lunar eclipse gave them an opportunity to view the spherical shape of the earth from a distance.
Similarly, the reason we may not have detected the mass associated with a continuous non-quantized mass component of space is that its effects are small compared to our scope of "vision".
There are however, “Shadows” that gives us an opportunity to "view" the properties of a continuous non-quantized mass component of space in terms of the red shift of spectral lines emanating from galaxies.
Astronomers have noted that our universe appears to be expanding. This idea is based on the shifting of the spectral lines coming from galaxies called the red shift.
One interpretation is that galaxies are moving away from the earth and the greater the distance a galaxy is from the earth the faster it is moving away.
This observation of light is similar to that of sound. The pitch of a train's whistle is lower when it is moving away and its velocity determines the difference in pitch.
Astronomers have interpreted the red shift in a similar manner.
They assume the greater the red shift in a galaxies spectrum the faster the galaxies are moving away from the earth.
However, another explanation is possible. The frequency of spectral lines is an indication of the energy they possessed at the point it was generated. The frequency of light is also an indication of the energy it has at the point it is observed. Red light has less energy than blue light. If space were composed of a continuous non-quantized form of mass, as this paper postulates light would dissipate energy due to the "dampening" effects of its inertial properties.
Therefore, each spectral line would lose energy due to the properties of a continuous non-quantized mass component of space causing it to shift towards the red end of the spectrum.
This indicates the magnitude of the red shift may not be entirely a result of the movement of galaxies away from us.
Instead, a portion of the energy loss associated with a red shift may be a result of light interacting with a continuous non-quantized form of mass.
If space is composed of a continuous non-quantized form of mass then the assumption that the greater the distance a star is from us the faster it is moving away may not be valid.
It may be because the further light travels the more time it would have to dissipate energy to a continuous non-quantized form of mass as it traveled through space.
(A blue shift could be observed in a stars spectrum if the velocity of a star moving in our direction imparted more energy to the spectral lines than was dissipated by a continuous non-quantized mass component of space it traveled through.)
This "Tired Light" concept of the energy loss associated with the red shifting of photons by its interaction with space has been dismissed by many because no Compton scattering is observed in red shifted photons.
Compton scattering is caused by an interaction between high energy particles such as photons and electrons which results in the electron being given part of the energy (making it recoil), and a photon containing the remaining energy being emitted in a different direction from the original, so that the overall momentum of the system is conserved. If the photon still has enough energy left, the process may be repeated. This process would result in a scattering of the energy of a photon.
The reason why many astronomers believe the entire redshift of a star is the result of its movement away from an observer is that classical theory of charged particles interacting with an electromagnetic wave, cannot explain any shift in wavelength.
Therefore, if the red shift was caused by a particle interaction one should observed the Compton scattering of light that would be associated with a particle interaction. Since no Compton scattering is observed in the red shift coming from star it is assumed by many astronomers it can only be caused by the movement of an object away from an observer.
However, as will be shown in Chapter three the particle properties of a photon are the result of a resonant "system" generated by a matter wave in a continuous non-quantized form of mass moving on a "surface" of a three-dimensional space manifold with respect to a fourth *spatial* dimension.
Therefore, because a photon is made up of a matter wave in a continuous non-quantized form of mass a portion of the redshift may be the result of an interaction between the matter wave responsible for it particle properties and a continuous non-quantized form of mass.
This would mean that the assumption that the entire redshift in a star's spectrum is a result of its movement away from us might be invalid.
The Cosmological Principal that the universe should appear the same in all directions supports the hypothesis that a portion of the energy loss associated with the red shift is a result of the properties of a continuous non-quantized mass component of space.
Since the energy loss of light associated with a continuous non-quantized mass component of space would only be dependent on the distance it traveled, the universe would appear to be the same in all directions as long as one kept the observational distance constant.
In addition, there is direct observational evidence that supports the hypothesis that a volume of space has contains a measurable quantity of a continuous non-quantized form of mass.
Recently it has been determined by astronomers the universe must contain a large amounts of "Dark Matter" that cannot be seen directly but which we know exists because of the influence its gravitational mass has on the orbits of stars in galaxies.
However, the physical properties astronomers have observed in "Dark Matter" share the same physical properties of a continuous non-quantized form of mass. They are both composed of mass and therefore would generate gravitational energy, which would influence the orbits of stars in galaxies and because it is a continuous form of mass and it would not be detectable by modern instrumentation because they are only calibrated to detect mass in its particle form.
This strongly suggests the observed properties associated with "Dark Matter" may be the result of a continuous non-quantized mass component of space.
Later in Chapter twenty-three, an experimental technique for the direct measurement and observation of the continuous non-quantized mass component of space will be proposed.
"The
universe's most powerful enabling tool is not
knowledge or understanding but
imagination
because it extends the reality of
one's environment.""
Copyright 1995 Jeffrey O'Callaghan