The Imagineer's Chronicles: A theoretical blog

Chapter One

Defining the properties of a universe consisting of time and four *spatial* dimensions is not possible until we have an understanding of the causality of the forces that are responsible for those properties.

First, time will be defined as only being a measure of the sequential ordering of the causality of an event, then the causality of the forces of gravity, electromagnetism and the quantum properties of mass and energy will be defined in terms of the physical properties of four *spatial* dimensions.  Time will then be individually linked to each coordinate plane of four *spatial* dimensions by the experimentally observed sequential ordering of events that occur in each coordinate plane.

The relativistic properties of space and time will be derived in Chapter fifteen in terms four *spatial* dimensions.

"Shadows" postulates a volume of space is composed of a continuous non-quantized or non-particle form or “field” of mass and energy and that interactions between these fields and four *spatial* dimensions is responsible for the casualty of the forces found in nature.

There are four types of forces associated with a continuous non-quantized field of mass and energy, a positive and negative matterfield and a positive and negative energyfield.  The interactions of these four forces are responsible for the geometric structure of the universe. 

The combination of matter and energy form matterenergy.

Most are familiar with three out of four forces that define the geometric structure of the universe.

Mass and the attractive force of gravity are associated with a positive matterfield component of space while positive and negative electrical charges are associated with a positive and negative energyfield component of space.

However, some may not be familiar with force associated with a negative matterfield component of space.  It will be shown later this field is related to a mass component of anti-particles.  Additionally it will be shown a negative matterfield component of space is not associated with anti-gravity.

(The physical mechanism responsible for a negative matterfield component of space and the mass associated with the anti particle called the positron will be developed in Chapter twenty-one in terms of the geometry of four spatial dimensions.)

All the forces of nature will be derived in terms of a geometric distortion or "displacement* in a "surface" of a three-dimensional space manifold with respect to a fourth *spatial* dimension.

It will be shown the forces associated with mass of a particle is generated by a "depression" or curvature in a "surface" of a three-dimensional space manifold with respect to a fourth *spatial* dimension.

The forces associated with antiparticles is a result of an "elevation" in a "surface" of a three-dimensional space manifold with respect to a four *spatial* dimension.

It will be shown that electric and magnetic forces have a common origin in terms of energy gradients generated in three-dimensional space.  The attractive and repulsive properties of electric and magnetic fields will be shown to be related to interactions of the "surfaces" of a three-dimensional space manifold with the geometry four *spatial* dimensions.

It will be shown how and why the forces associated with two similar electrical charges will oppose each other, while the forces associated two similar matter or "gravity fields" will attract each other in terms of the geometry of four spatial dimension and the existence of a continuous non-quantized form of mass. .

These four forces interact to produce the geometric properties of space.

However, it should be remembered these four forces are generated out of only one continuous non-quantized form of mass and energy. 

In Chapter three, the propagation of a photon will be derived in terms of a matter wave moving  on a "surface" of a three-dimensional space manifold with respect to a fourth *spatial* dimension.

In Chapter two, the quantum or particle characteristics of a photon, mass, and energy will be derived in terms of a resonant system or "structure" formed in space by "vibrations" generated by a matter wave in a continuous non-quantized form of mass. 

These resonant structures will be called a "quantum mass unit of space".

(Louis de Broglie was the first to theorize that all particles had a wave component.  His theories were confirmed by the discovery of electron diffraction by crystals in 1927 by Davisson and Germer.  However, this means there must be a continuous non-quantized medium for it to be propagated on because even the smallest possible particle must have a wave component. Therefore, there must exist a continuous non-quantized medium to propagate the wave of the smallest possible particle. However, macroscopic observations of wave energy indicate that it can only be propagated on a medium made up of mass. Therefore, the success of Louis de Broglie theory indicates that a continuous non-quantized form of mass exists.)

Therefore, Chapters two and three define a common mechanism responsible for both the quantum and wave properties of mass, energy and a photon because they define them in terms of resonant system or "structure" generated by a matter wave in continuous non-quantized form of mass.

In Chapter three the energy of individual photons will be derived in terms of a rate of the frequency of "vibrations" in a continuous non-quantized form of mass that produce a resonant or "standing" matter wave on a "surface" of a three-dimensional space manifold with respect to a fourth *spatial* dimension.

It will be shown that a photon's energy can be defined in terms of the equation for the Kinetic energy of an object or E=1/2*m*v^2.  Where "E" equals the magnitude of the energyfield and "m" equals the magnitude of the matterfield component of a matter wave associated with a photon, and "v" would equal the "velocity" of the matter wave.

Additionally Chapter fifteen will shown the velocity of light is universally constant, despite the fact that it is transmitted on a physical medium consisting of a continuous non-quantized form of mass, because of a relativistic property of time and four *spatial* dimensions.

Another physical property of a continuous non-quantized form of mass can be illustrated by comparing it to different forms of water in the air.

Water vapor is difficult to detect with the eye because it is composed of relatively small particles, while the condensed particles of water vapor or fog is easier to detect because its particles are physically larger.

The matterenergy fields of space have similar properties.

In the "vapor" state, a continuous non-quantized form of mass is difficult to detect because it is not made up of particles.  However, in a "condensed state" or the state where a resonant "structures" defined in Chapter two exists in a volume of space, the particles or quanta of matterenergy associated with those resonant structures, (such as electron or proton) are detectable because they are physical larger.

For example, fog is composed of an aggregation of water vapor thereby making the particles of water vapor detectable to the eye because they are larger.

Similarly, all quantum particles are composed of "aggregations" of the matterenergy fields of space thereby making these “particles” or “quanta” of matterenergy detectable because they are physically larger.

Mass and the gravitational forces will be derived in Chapter twelve to be the result of a distortion, curvature or "depression" in a "surface" of a three-dimensional space manifold with respect to a fourth *spatial* dimension.

This curvature or "depression" in a "surface" of a three-dimensional space manifold with respect to a fourth *spatial* dimension is analogous to the curvature or "depression" in a space-time manifold that Einstein's General Theory of Relativity postulates is responsible for mass.

In Chapter thirteen the polarity and magnitude of a positive and negative unit electric charge will be derived in terms of an energy gradient in a "surface" of a three-dimensional space manifold with respect to a fourth *spatial* dimension.

Therefore, because all the forces of nature including the gravitational and electrical forces have properties associated with the matterenergy fields of space any force acting on a closed spatial system will cause a change in the physical relationships between the matter and energy components of that volume of space.  This will result in that force becoming predominant or observable in that volume of space.

The water analogy can again be used to illustrate this property of the matterenergy fields of space.

If a cold surface is introduced into a humid environment, water vapor will condense to form water droplets.

An effect similar to this occurs in space.

If an entity with a less positive matterenergy field, such as an electron, is introduced into the matterenergy fields of space, the force or energy associated with that matterenergy field will "condense" out of the “fabric” of space and become observable.

In Chapter eight, the mass of a proton will be derived in terms of a distortion or “depression” in a “surface” of a three-dimensional space manifold with respect to the fourth "spatial" dimension.

The mass of an electron will be derived in terms of an “opposite” distortion or “elevation” in a “surface” of a three-dimensional space manifold with respect to the fourth "spatial" dimension.

The “strong nuclear force" that "binds" a nucleus of an atom together can be derived in terms of a resonant "structure", defined in Chapter two, and the attractive forces are associated with the continuous non-quantized mass component of a proton and neutron.

As mentioned earlier Chapter two will derive the quantum properties of all particles in terms of a resonant "structure" formed in space by "vibrations" of a continuous non-quantized form of mass. 

"Shadows" postulates the strong nuclear force is the result of the spatial separation between protons and neutrons in a nucleus becoming small enough so their resonant energies can interact to form one homogenous stable resonant "structure" or particle composed of a continuous non-quantized form of mass.

These larger stable resonant "structures" are called atomic nuclei.

The presence of a neutron in the nucleus of atoms containing more than one proton is necessary to form a stable nucleonic "structure" because the added the attractive forces of the continuous non-quantized form of mass of the neutron interacts with the continuous non-quantized mass component of a proton.  This increases the ratio of the attractive or binding forces of the continuous non-quantized form of mass in a nucleus with respect to the repulsive force associated with the electrical component in a nucleus.  This allows the protons and neutron in the nucleus to become spatially close enough so their resonant energies can interact to form a single stable resonant "structure" in space.

(The internal structure, stability and electrical neutrality of a neutron will be derived in Chapter nineteen in terms of an interaction between the matter and energy components of space and a "surface" of a three-dimensional space manifold with respect to a fourth *spatial* dimension .)

This suggest a nucleus of an atom is not composed of individual protons and neutrons but of one homogenous resonant particle "structure" made up of a continuous non-quantized form of mass.

The magnitude of the strong nuclear force is related to the size of the homogenous resonant structure associated with a nucleus.

The size or diameter of a nucleus increases as is the atomic weight increases.

Therefore, after a certain atomic weight is reached a nucleus will become physically too large for the individual resonant "structures" associated with the protons and neutron to uniformly share the energy require to maintain the stable resonant "structure" associated with that nucleus.  This will result in that nucleus expelling the energy required to reduce its physical size to a point where a stable resonant "structure" can be maintained.  Therefore, any nucleus that is physically large that this will be radioactive.

Additionally, the nucleus of atoms that have an atomic weight less that the critical value for establishing homogenous resonant structure would increase its weight and size by "absorbing" energy from an external source if the energy were allowed to get spatial close enough to the nucleus so that it could become part of the internal resonant structure of that nucleus.  This will result in increasing the size and atomic number of that nucleus.

This indicates that the effectiveness of the stronger nuclear force in absorbing or emitting a particle will be dependent on the distance from the center of the nucleus of an atom.

The exact composition of space now becomes relevant to the study.

“Shadows” postulates space is made up, in part, of mass because it defines the physical structure of space in terms of a dynamic relationship between the forces associated with a continuous non-quantized form of mass and energy.  Therefore, a volume of space must have properties associated with mass because is, in part, made up of mass.

Following this logic, a question is presented: Why hasn't this mass been detected?

Stepping back in history may shed light on the answer to this question.

Many people of the fifteenth century did not realize the Earth was spherical because its curvature was small compared to their scope of their vision.  However, the shadow of the earth on the moon during a lunar eclipse gave them an opportunity to view the spherical shape of the earth from a distance.

Similarly, the reason we may not have detected the mass associated with a continuous non-quantized mass component of space is that its effects are small compared to our scope of our "vision".

There are however, “Shadows” that gives us an opportunity to "view" the properties of a continuous non-quantized mass component of space in terms of the red shift of spectral lines emanating from galaxies.

Astronomers have noted that our universe appears to be expanding.  This idea is based on the shifting of the spectral lines coming from galaxies called the red shift.

One interpretation is that galaxies are moving away from the earth and the greater the distance a galaxies is from the earth the faster it is moving away.

This observation of light is similar to that of sound.  The pitch of a train's whistle is lower when it is moving away and its velocity determines the difference in pitch.

Astronomers have interpreted the red shift in a similar manner.

They assume the greater the red shift in a galaxies spectrum the faster the galaxies are moving away from the earth.

However, another explanation is possible.  The frequency of spectral lines is an indication of the energy they possessed at the point it was generated.  The frequency of light is also an indication of the energy it has at the point it is observed.  Red light has less energy than blue light.  If space were composed of a continuous non-quantized form of mass, as this paper postulates light would dissipate energy due to the "dampening" effects of its inertial properties.

Therefore, each spectral line would lose energy due to the properties of a continuous non-quantized mass component of space causing it to shift towards the red end of the spectrum.

This indicates the magnitude of the red shift may not be entirely a result of the movement of galaxies away from us.

Instead, a portion of the energy loss associated with a red shift may be a result of light interacting with a continuous non-quantized form of mass.

If space is composed of a continuous non-quantized form of mass then the assumption that the greater the distance a star is from us the faster it is moving away may not be valid.

It may be because the further light travels the more time it would have to dissipate energy to a continuous non-quantized form of mass as it traveled through space.

(A blue shift could be observed in a stars spectrum if the velocity of a star moving in our direction imparted more energy to the spectral lines than was dissipated by a continuous non-quantized mass component of space it traveled through.)

This "Tired Light" concept of the energy loss associated with the red shifting of photons by it's interaction with particles in space has been dismissed by many because no Compton scattering is observed in red shifted photons. 

Compton scattering is caused by an interaction between high energy particles such as photons and electrons which results in the electron being given part of the energy (making it recoil), and a photon containing the remaining energy being emitted in a different direction from the original, so that the overall momentum of the system is conserved.  If the photon still has enough energy left, the process may be repeated.  This process would result in a scattering of the energy of a photon.

The reason why many astronomers believe the entire redshift of a star is the result of its movement away from an observer is that classical theory of charged particles interacting with an electromagnetic wave, cannot explain any shift in wavelength.

Therefore, if the red shift was caused by a particle interaction one should observed the Compton scattering of light that would be associated with a particle interaction.  Since no Compton scattering is observed in the red shift coming form star it is assumed by many astronomers it can only be caused by the movement of an object away from an observer.

However, as will be shown in Chapter three the particle properties of a photon are the result of a resonant "system" generated by a matter wave in a continuous non-quantized form of mass moving on a "surface" of a three-dimensional space manifold with respect to a fourth *spatial* dimension.

Therefore, because a photon is made up of a matter wave in a continuous non-quantized form of mass a portion of the redshift may be the result of an interaction between the matter wave responsible for it particle properties and a continuous non-quantized form of mass.

This would mean that the assumption that the entire redshift in a star's spectrum is a result of its movement away from us might be invalid.

The Cosmological Principal that the universe should appear the same in all directions supports the hypothesis that a portion of the energy loss associated with the red shift is a result of the properties of a continuous non-quantized mass component of space. 

Since the energy loss of light associated with a continuous non-quantized mass component of space would only be dependent on the distance it traveled, the universe would appear to be the same in all directions as long as one kept the observational distance constant.

In addition, there is direct observational evidence that supports the hypothesis that a volume of space has contains a measurable quantity of a continuous non-quantized form of mass.

Recently it has been determined by astronomers the universe must contain a large amounts of "dark matter" that cannot be seen directly but which we know exists because of the influence its gravitational mass has on the orbits of stars in galaxies.

However, the physical properties that astronomers have associated with "Dark Matter" share the same physical properties of a continuous non-quantized form of mass.  They are both composed of mass and therefore would generate gravitational energy, which would influence the orbits of stars in galaxies and because it is a continuous form of mass, it would not be detectable by modern instrumentation because they are calibrated to detect mass in its particle form.

This strongly suggests the observed properties associated with "Dark Matter" may be the result of a continuous non-quantized mass component of space.

Later in Chapter twenty-three, an experimental technique for the direct measurement and observation of the continuous non-quantized mass component of space.

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