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Loading...We have shown throughout "The Imagineer’s Chronicles" observations of our environment indicate the universe is composed of four *spatial* dimensions rather than four-dimensional space-time as is suggested by Einstein’s theories.
The recent discovery of Dark energy is one of those observations.
As Alexey Vikhlinin of the Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory in Cambridge, Mass. wrote in the Scientific Frontline article Dark Energy Found Stifling Growth in Universe Dec 16, 2008:
This "study strengthens the evidence that dark energy is the cosmological constant. Although it is the leading candidate to explain dark energy, theoretical work suggests it should be about 10 raised to the power of 120 times larger than observed.
Putting all of this data together gives us the strongest evidence yet that dark energy is the cosmological constant, or in other words, that ‘nothing weighs something’," said Vikhlinin. "A lot more testing is needed, but so far Einstein’s theory is looking as good as ever."
But the fact that Dark Energy or a Cosmological constant was discovered does not alter the fact Einstein introduced it because he was trying to make or "force" the universe conform to his expectations, rather than using his theory to guide him to an understanding of its properties.
However, it can be shown that its existence can be seamlessly integrated into a relativistic theory based on four *spatial* dimensions.
In the article "Why Space-time?" Sept. 27, 2007 it was shown it is possible to explain and predict the observed relativistic properties space, time, mass and energy in terms of the geometry of four *spatial* dimensions.
Additionally it was show in the article “Gravity” Dec 15, 2007 it is possible to consistently define all the observed properties of gravity including its equivalence to an accelerated reference frame in terms of a curvature in "surface" of a three-dimensional space manifold with respect to a fourth *spatial *dimension.
However, theoretically defining the universe in terms of four *spatial* dimensions as we have done in "The Imagineer’s Chronicles" and the paper The "Shadows" of four *spatial* dimensions means one does not have to "force" the integration of Dark energy or a cosmological constant into its theoretical structure as Einstein had to do to integrate it into Relativity.
If a gravity is a result of a curvature in a "surface" of a three-dimensional space manifold with respect to a fourth *spatial* dimension, as we are suggesting then when stars convert mass to energy in nuclear reactions the magnitude of that curvature would decrease. However, this would result in the expansion of a "surface" three-dimensional space with respect to a fourth *spatial* dimension analogous to how removing the coils or curvature in a rope causes a physical expansion of its two dimensional length when measured with respect to three-dimensional space.
But this expansion would be in addition to the expansion associated with the big bang therefore, it would be perceived as acceleration.
Additionally the article “Defining energy“ Jan. 15, 2009 showed one could also derive the temperature or kinetic energy of particles in terms of a curvature in "surface" of a three-dimensional space manifold. Therefore, a second component of dark energy would be related to an energy reduction related to the cooling of the universe because it would also cause a decrease the magnitude of that curvature and an expansion of a three-dimensional volume. Again, this expansion would be perceived as acceleration because it would be viewed in addition to the expansion associated with the big bang.
In other words, one can use a relativistic theory on based on the existence of four *spatial* dimensions to guide them to an understanding of the properties of Dark Energy or a cosmological constant rather than basing it on expectations as Einstein had to.
The reason he could not is that a reduction in a curvature of three-dimensional space with respect to time does not have spatial expansive properties associated with Dark Energy. Therefore, a reduction of mass by its conversion to energy could not account for the observed spatial properties of dark energy.
One could quantify the magnitude of dark energy by calculating the magnitude of the reduction in the curvature of space based on the reduction in mass by the nuclear reactions in stars and the loss of kinetic energy due to the cooling due to the expansion of the universe.
This is because, according to this theoretical model its magnitude would be proportional to the quantity of mass/energy the universe losses due to the nuclear reactions and the cooling due to its expansion.
However, the "concentration" of Dark Energy relative to gravitational energy would be defined by the experimentally confirmed equation E=mc^2. This means its strength should be 1/c^2 weaker than gravitational forces. Therefore, because gravitational forces are much stronger than those of dark energy, the space between gravitationally bound objects would not appear to be expanding.
Additionally, this is the reason its magnitude, as mentioned in the article "Dark Energy Found Stifling Growth in Universe" is about 10 raised to the power of 120 times smaller than predicted by many theories.
Therefore, because of the relative weakness of dark energy relative to gravitational, its force would not affect objects that have relatively strong gravitational bonds such as galaxies or planetary systems. However, it would affect the overall expansion of space between ones in which the gravitational bonds are not as strong, such as the void between galaxies.
Additionally it would also explain why the rate of acceleration appears to be increasing and predicts there should be a crossover point where it exceeds the gravitational deceleration caused by the mass density of the universe. As the universe expands due to the energy of the big bang it mass density decreases and therefore the accelerative properties associated with mass being converted to energy would be a larger in proportion to the decelerative gravitational forces.
Therefore, this mechanism predicts there should be a point in time where the accelerations due to a conversion of mass to energy should exceed the decelerative influence of the mass of the universe.
However, contrary to what Alexey Vikhlinin said in the article Dark Energy Found Stifling Growth in Universe, this means that "so far Einstein’s theory" Not "is looking as good as ever" because there is a alternative theory that can, as mentioned earlier explain and predict all previous predictions made by his theories regarding relative motion and accelerated reference frames while at the same time incorporating the new observation regarding Dark Energy which his theories cannot.
Later Jeff
The "Shadows" of four spatial dimensions
Copyright 2009 Jeffrey O’Callaghan
(In a PDF format)
Hello!
Very Interesting post! Thank you for such interesting resource!
PS: Sorry for my bad english, I’v just started to learn this language
See you!
Your, Raiul Baztepo
Hi ! ^_^
My name is Piter Kokoniz. Just want to tell, that I’v found your blog very interesting
And want to ask you: is this blog your hobby?
Sorry for my bad english:)
Thank you:)
Piter.
nice read. I would love to follow you on twitter.
The need is mutual
Jeffrey O’Callaghan
User Name: Imagine_reality
Email: imaginethereality@theimagineershome.com
Jeff