We have shown throughout "The Imagineer’s Chronicles" observations of our environment indicate the universe is composed of four *spatial* dimensions rather than four-dimensional space-time as is suggested by Einstein’s theories.

The recent discovery of Dark energy or a cosmological constant is one of those observations.

Dark energy and the cosmological constant

As Alexey Vikhlinin of the Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory in Cambridge, Mass. wrote in the Scientific Frontline article Dark Energy Found Stifling Growth in Universe Dec 16, 2008:

This "study strengthens the evidence that dark energy is the cosmological constant.  Although it is the leading candidate to explain dark energy, theoretical work suggests it should be about 10 raised to the power of 120 times larger than observed. 

Putting all of this data together gives us the strongest evidence yet that dark energy is the cosmological constant, or in other words, that ‘nothing weighs something’," said Vikhlinin.  "A lot more testing is needed, but so far Einstein’s theory is looking as good as ever."

But the fact that Dark Energy or a Cosmological constant was discovered does not alter the fact Einstein introduced his cosmological constant because he was trying to make or "force" the universe conform to his expectations, rather than using theory to guide him to an understanding of its properties.

In the article "Why Space-time?" Sept. 27, 2007 it was shown it is possible to explain and predict the observed properties of relative motion including time dilatation, length contraction and mass increase as logically and consistently in terms of the geometry of four *spatial* dimensions as can be done in terms of the four-dimensional space-time geometry of Relativity.

Additionally it was show in the article “Gravity” Dec 15, 2007 it is possible to consistently define all the observed properties of gravity in terms of a curvature in "surface" of a three-dimensional space manifold with respect to a fourth *spatial *dimension.

However, theoretically defining the universe in terms of four *spatial* dimensions as we have done in "The Imagineer’s Chronicles" and the paper The "Shadows" of four *spatial* dimensions means one does not have to "force" the integration of Dark energy or a cosmological constant into its theoretical structure as Einstein had to do to integrate it into Relativity.

If a gravitational field is a result of a curvature in a "surface" of a three-dimensional space manifold with respect to a fourth *spatial* dimension, as we are suggesting then reducing the mass of an object would reduce the magnitude of that curvature.  However, this would result in the expansion of the "surface" three-dimensional space with respect to a fourth *spatial* dimension analogous to how removing the coils or curvature in a rope causes a physical expansion of its two dimensional length when measured with respect to three-dimensional space.  But this expansion would be in addition to the expansion associated with the big bang therefore it would be perceived as an acceleration.

Additionally the article Defining energy showed one could derive the temperature or kinetic energy of particles in terms of a curvature in "surface" of a three dimensional space manifold with respect to a fourth *spatial* dimension.  Therefore, as the universe cools the magnitude that curvature would decrease and cause three-dimensional space where that cooling took place to expand for the same reason as a conversion of mass to energy does.  This expansion would be perceived as an acceleration because it would be viewed in addition to the expansion associated with the big bang.

In other words, one can use a relativistic theory on based on the existence of four *spatial* dimensions to guide them to an understanding of the properties of Dark Energy or a cosmological constant rather than basing it on expectations as Einstein had to..

The reason he could not was because time or four-dimensional space-time does not have spatial properties support the spatial expansion associated with Dark Energy.

Since the total mass in the universe is decreasing due to the nuclear reactions taking place in stars, the curvature associated with its gravitational field would also be decreasing.  This means, according to this theoretical model the magnitude of this component of dark energy would be proportional to the quantity of mass the universe losses due to the nuclear reactions that occur within it.

However, the "concentration" of Dark Energy relative to gravitational energy would be, according to this mechanism defined by the equation E=mc^2c.   This means its strength should be 1/c^2 weaker than gravitational forces.  Therefore, because gravitational forces are much stronger than those of dark energy or the cosmology constant, the space between gravitationally bound objects would not appear to be expanding.

This is consistent with the fact that its magnitude is about 10 raised to the power of 120 times smaller than predicted by many theories and the fact that galaxies are not observed to be expanding, just the space between them.

Additionally it would also explain why the rate of acceleration appears to be increasing and predicts there should be a crossover point where it exceeds the gravitational deceleration caused by the mass density of the universe.  As the universe expands due to the energy of the big bang it mass density decreases and therefore the accelerative properties associated with mass being converted to energy would be a larger in proportion to the decelerative gravitational forces. 

Therefore, this mechanism predicts there should be a point in time where the accelerations due to a conversion of mass to energy should exceed the decelerative influence of the mass of the universe.

However, contrary to what Alexey Vikhlinin said in the article Dark Energy Found Stifling Growth in Universe, this means that "so far Einstein’s theory" Not "is looking as good as ever" because there is a alternative theory that can, as mentioned earlier explain and predict all previous predictions made by his theories regarding relative motion and gravitational fields while at the same time incorporating the new observation regarding Dark Energy which his theories cannot.

Later Jeff

The "Shadows" of four spatial dimensions

Copyright 2009 Jeffrey O’Callaghan

2 Comments to “Dark energy: the cosmological constant”

1. RaiulBaztepo — 03/30/2009 @ 5:25 am
   

   Hello!
   Very Interesting post! Thank you for such interesting resource!
   PS: Sorry for my bad english, I’v just started to learn this language
   See you!
   Your, Raiul Baztepo

2. PiterKokoniz — 04/08/2009 @ 4:50 am
   

   Hi ! ^_^
   My name is Piter Kokoniz. Just want to tell, that I’v found your blog very interesting
   And want to ask you: is this blog your hobby?
   Sorry for my bad english:)
   Thank you:)
   Piter.

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