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Loading...We have shown throughout “The Imagineer’s Chronicles” there are many theoretical advantages to defining the universe in terms of four *spatial* dimensions instead of four-dimensional space-time.
One is that it allows for defining a common mechanism responsible for dark and gravitational energy
On May 30, 2004, physicsworld.com reported, in the article Dark Energy "New evidence has confirmed that the expansion of the universe is accelerating under the influence of a gravitationally repulsive form of energy that makes up two-thirds of the cosmos.
But since its discovery, no one has been able to define a mechanism that can account for its existence in terms of four-dimensional space-time.
However, one can if one assumes the universe is composed of four *spatial* dimension.
In the article “Defining energy” Nov. 26, 2007 it was shown it is possible to derive all forces including gravitational in terms of a curvature in a "surface" of a three-dimensional space manifold with respect to a fourth *spatial* dimensions in a manner that makes predictions identical to those made by Einstein theories.
(This curvature is analogous to the curvature in a space-time manifold Einstein theorized was responsible for gravity.)
However, if it were true that all forces are related to a geometric property of four *spatial* dimensions one should be able to define a causal link between dark and gravitational energy in terms of it.
If gravity, as mentioned earlier is a result of a curvature in a three-dimensional space manifold with respect to a fourth *spatial* dimension, then reducing or converting mass to energy as is does in the nuclear reaction is stars would reduce the magnitude of that curvature. This would result in a physical expansion of that three-dimensional space manifold with respect to a fourth *spatial* dimension and thereby increasing the volume of the universe. This is analogous to how removing the coils or curvature in a rope causes a physical expansion of its length with respect to three-dimensional space.
However, this expansion that occurs in addition to any resulting from the expansive energy associated with the Big Bang therefore it will be viewed as acceleration.
This means that one can explain the causality of forces Dark energy and gravity in terms of a common mechanism related to the geometry of four *spatial* dimensions.
This is extremely difficult to do in terms of four-dimensional space-time because the expansion of a time or a space time-dimension cannot explain the spatially expansive properties of Dark Energy.
The fact that the effects of Dark Energy are only observable between bodies that are not gravitational bound can also be explained by assuming it’s causality is a result of the geometry of four *spatial* dimensions.
This is because the relative "concentration" of the forces associated with dark energy and gravity would be defined by the equation E=mc^2" because as mentioned earlier a theory based on four *spatial* dimension makes predictions identical to those made by Einstein theories. Therefore, because, as that equation shows the expansive effects it has on space are considerably less "concentrated" by factor of c^2 than the contractive forces associated with it would be extremely difficult to observe it between gravitationally bound objects.
However, the expansive forces caused by the conversion of mass to energy in gravitational bound objects would be distributed throughout the entire universe causing its overall acceleration.
This shows that one advantages to defining the universe in terms of the geometry four *spatial* dimensions instead of four dimension space-time is that it would allow one to establish a logical and consistent theoretical link between the observed properties of both dark and gravitational energy.
Later Jeff
The "Shadows" of four spatial dimensions
Copyright 2009 Jeffrey O’Callaghan
(In a PDF format)
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