In  "The Imagineer’s Chronicles" we have postulated all of the forces of nature including gravitational are due to a distortion or curvature in a "surface" of a three-dimensional space manifold with respect to a fourth *spatial* dimension.

Some say that is it impossible to define gravitational forces in terms of only four *spatial* dimensions.

What are
Dimensions?

However, observations of our environment indicate otherwise.

We observe that we can move independently in any direction in three-dimensional space.  This indicates the axes of three-dimensional space are not fixed but embedded into each other.

This is why we are not limited in how we can move or change the orientation of a two-dimensional plane, such as the surface of a piece of paper in three-dimensional space.

Three-dimensional space is embedded in a universe consisting of four *spatial* dimensions in a similar manner.  In other words the origin of the axes of our three-dimensional universe is not rigidly fix to each other but are embedded in it, allowing for their independent movement with respect to the axis of four *spatial* dimensions. 

This means it would be possible to orient each axes of three-dimensional space independently of its orientation to the other axes of space.  This would be analogous to how it is possible to orient a two-dimensional surface of piece of a paper in any way we chose in three-dimensional space.

If we move a two-dimensional surface of a piece of paper through any axis of three-dimensional space by pushing on its center, its surface will develop a curvature with respect to that axis because of the drag generated by the space it moves through.  A two dimensional creature living on its "surface" would not realize that it is curved with respect to three-dimensional space because he or she could only look along that two-dimensional surface.

Similarly, if a three-dimensional object is moved through any axis of a fourth *spatial* dimension, its three-dimensional "surface" will develop a curvature with respect to that axis due to the "drag" generated by its movement through four *spatial* dimensions.  This is similar to how the surface of the paper developed a curvature due to its movement through three-dimensional space.

We as three-dimensional beings would not be aware the "surface" of three-dimensional space was curved because we could not look in the direction of a fourth *spatial* dimension analogous to how a two dimensional creature in the earlier example could not look in the direction three-dimensional space.

We postulate the slope generated by curvature in a "surface" of a three-dimensional space manifold with respect to a fourth *spatial* dimension is the causality of all accelerations.  

This curvature is analogous to the space-time curvature that Einstein’s theories postulate is responsible for gravitational accelerations.  However, it is more inclusive because it will be shown throughout The Imagineer’s Chronicles one can derive all the forces of nature in terms of four *spatial* dimensions, whereas using the space-time concepts of relativity one cannot.

We also observe that it is possible to curl a two-dimensional surface into a sphere forming a balloon in three-dimensional space because as mentioned earlier the axes of a two-dimensional surface are not fixed to the axis of our three-dimensional universe.  Additionally we observe that we can increase or decrease the magnitude of the curvature along each axis of the "surface" of the balloon by increasing or decreasing its internal pressure.

Similarly, a "surface" of a three-dimensional space manifold can be curled to form a three-dimensional "sphere" in four *spatial* dimensions because axes of a three-dimensional space are not fixed to the axes four *spatial* dimensions.  This is analogous to how a two-dimensional surface can be curled to form a sphere in three spatial dimensions. 

We have and will show the force developed by this spherical curvature in three-dimensional space is responsible for gravitational forces.

Similar to the spherical surface of the balloon the curvature in the "surface" of three-dimensional sphere will contract or expand if mass is added to or removed from its center.  This will result in increasing or decreasing the magnitude of the curvature in the along each axis of the "surface" of the three-dimensional sphere.  The content of a spherical curvature in a "surface" of a three-dimensional space manifold with respect to a fourth *spatial* dimension is perceived as mass. 

This indicates gravitational forces could be defined in terms of a spherical contraction or curvature in a "surface" of a three-dimensional space manifold with respect to a fourth *spatial* dimension.

Many physicists and mathematicians assume that at least six spatial dimensions are required to merge the gravitational and quantum forces associated with mass and energy.  This is primarily because the abstract mathematical equations they use to define a gravitational field treat the coordinate axes of three-dimensional space as if they are rigidly fixed and perpendicular to each other.

However, physical observations of our three-dimensional environment indicate that the origins of axes of dimensional space are not rigidly fixed or perpendicular to each other but are capable of independent movement as is demonstrated by our unlimited ability to move and bend a two-dimensional surface of a piece of paper in three-dimensional space.

Should we allow abstract mathematical equation to define our observations or should we define our abstract mathematical equations based on our observations.

Later Jeff

The "Shadows" of four spatial dimensions

Copyright 2007 Jeffrey O’Callaghan

(In a PDF format)



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