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Loading...As reported in the April 27, 2009 NewScientist article "Where is all the antimatter?" one of the more perplexing unanswered questions in modern astrophysics is "Why is there more matter than anti-matter?".
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The matter with antimatter
Dr. Tara Shears |
The Big Bang theory suggests that matter and antimatter should have been produced in equal quantities. Since collisions between matter and antimatter result in their mutual annihilation there should not be any ordinary matter, and its antimatter equivalent left in the universe. However, it is obvious this did not happen because no galaxies or intergalactic clouds of antimatter have yet been detected that have the ability to offset the observed quantity of matter in the universe. Therefore, it looks as if matter won out over antimatter.
However the mystery of "Why is there more matter that anti-matter in the universe?" can be understood if one views the universe in terms of four *spatial* dimensions instead of four-dimensional space-time as done in "The Imagineer’s Chronicles" and the paper "The "Shadows" of four spatial dimensions."
In the article "Defining energy" Sept. 27, 2007 it was shown the quantity of mass / energy in a volume can be derived in terms of a displacement or curvature in a "surface" of a three-dimensional space manifold with respect to a fourth *spatial* dimension.
(This displacement would be analogous to a displacement caused by a curvature in a space-time manifold Einstein assumed was responsible energy in a volume).
However, defining mass and energy in terms of four *spatial* dimensions instead of four dimensional space-time gives one the ability to derive a geometric mechanism responsible for the asymmetry between matter and antimatter. This is because a spatial dimension can move in two direction up or down, backwards or forwards whereas time is observed to move only in one direction forward. Therefore, a "surface" of a three-dimensional space manifold could move "upwards" or "downwards" with respect to a fourth *spatial* dimension whereas it can move only in one direction with respect to a time dimension
The asymmetry between matter and anti-matter can then be defined in terms of the bi-directional movement of a "surface" of a three-dimensional space manifold with respect to a fourth *spatial* dimension. If one defines a downward directed displacement in that manifold as a particle then one would define an equal but oppositely directed "upwards" displacement in that manifold as its anti-particle.
As mentioned earlier, one can derive the quantity of mass / energy in a volume in terms of the magnitude of a displacement in a "surface" of a three- dimensional space manifold with respect to a fourth *spatial* dimension. Therefore, the total energy of a particle / anti-particle system would be equal to the sum of their displacements.
One could understand why particle antiparticle annihilation occurs in terms of the "upward" displacement in a "surface" of a three-dimensional space manifold associated with an antiparticle "filling in" the equal but oppositely directed "downward" displacement associated with a particle.
However, as was mention one can derive the energy of a volume in terms of the magnitude of a displacement in a "surface" of a three-dimensional space manifold with respect to a fourth *spatial* dimension. This means the energy released when particle, antiparticle annihilation occurs would be derivable in terms of the sum of the absolute magnitudes of their oppositely directed displacements their masses cause in a "surface" of a three-dimensional space manifold. This means the energy of their annihilation would be equal to the sum of the energy associated with their combined masses.
However, this definition also provides an explanation of the why there is more matter than antimatter in there universe.
As was mentioned earlier, mass can be defined in terms of displacement in a "surface" of a three-dimensional space manifold with respect to a fourth *spatial* dimension. Therefore, the mass of a particle would be derivable in terms of a "downward" displacement in that "surface" with respect to a fourth *spatial* dimension while the mass of an antiparticle in terms of an "upward" displacement in that same surface.
But this indicates on average it would require less energy to form a particle than an antiparticle for the same reason that it takes less energy to fill a bucket with water by pushing it down below its surface than it does by lifting the water into a bucket that is above its surface. Therefore, there would be some energy left over if an equal number of particles and antiparticles were annihilated. This left over energy is responsible of mass / energy of particles presently in the universe.
This defines the reason in terms of the geometry of four *spatial* dimensions for the asymmetry between particles and antiparticles and why there should be more particles than antiparticles left over after the big bang even though they were produced in equal numbers.
Later Jeff
Copyright Jeffrey O’Callaghan 2009
(In a PDF format)
The content of your blog is interesting. Plenty of astrophysics stuff here. I’m quite fascinated although I prefer to do the numbers than read stories. Will be back here again.
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http://www.abassterinternational.blogspot.com/
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Abas.
Thanks for writing, I truly liked reading your most recent post. I think you should post more often, you obviously have natural ability for blogging!
Hello,
I like this subject. However I respectfully and absolutely do not agree with you to make conclusion based on this statement, “because no galaxies or intergalactic clouds of antimatter have yet been detected that have the ability to offset the observed quantity of matter in the universe. ” I disagree because this is an unknowable assertion. The truth is we possess no method of directly testing the composition of distant galaxies.
The hot new cosmologic model, the Dominium, it is deductively shown that matter and antimatter twins of one another. Antihydrogen has been synthesized by scientists at CERN. If they succeed in mapping antihydrogen’s spectral signature and if that signature perfectly matches common mass-based hydrogen, then it would be near impossible to look up into the Earth’s sky and know with any degree of certainty which galaxy was composed of matter and which antimatter. The antimatter one’s would be organized in a similar fashion as our own, but equivalent antimatter reactions would be going on. For example, four antihydrogen=1 atoms antifuse to form one antihelium=4 and two electrons. In such cases it would be expected that the resulting photons would be exactly the same frequency, wavelength, and speed as photons made in common fuse.
See the whole model as it is unfolded and debated at: http://hypography.com/forums/alternative-theories/18910-the-dominium-model-by-hasanuddin.html And please join in.
Hasanuddin
Correct there is no way we can directly test if galaxies are composed of matter or anti matter. However we can verify all observable ones are made out of same type of matter because they all share a common gravitational property.
However if the gravitational forces of matter and antimatter are repulsive as you suggested at http://hypography.com/forums/alternative-theories/18910-the-dominium-model-by-hasanuddin-2.html (“Test of the Dominium premise that you yourself defined gravitational repulsion between matter and antimatter)
we should see the gravitational effects of this repulsion in the movement of an antimatter galaxies when it interacts with those made up of matter. However all observable galaxies appear to share a common link in a gravitational attractive forces associated with their mass. If they did not it would be detectable by their relative motion with respect to each other. Therefore we can conclud that all observable galaxies are made up of the same type of matter.
Jeff
Excellent site, keep up the good work