According to Newton’s view, force does not the cause motion but only a change in it and because a freely moving object continues to move inertia and motion in itself needs no causal explanation.

However as Gao, Shan points out in on page 29 of his book "God Does Play Dice with the Universe" there is a problem with that concept of motion because:

"According to Newton, neither external force nor internal force is the cause of constant motion. So there is only one possibility left , i.e., that motion has no cause.  In other words the change in position or state of an object due to a constant velocity does not have cause.

However modern science is based on the assumption that all changes in the state of a system require a cause.  In other words one cannot integrate the Newtonian concept of motion or the change in position associated with it into our current scientific paradigms which are based almost entirely on causality".

Granted Einstein was able to define the causality of gravity and accelerated motion in terms of curvature in four dimensional space-time and the relativistic properties of motion in terms of that same four dimensional model however he was unable or did not chose to address the causality of that motion and the inertia Newton associated with it. 

However he did provide us with the conceptual foundations for the deriving the causality of inertia and constant motion when he define the dynamic relationship between space, time, energy, and mass in terms of the constant velocity of light and the equation E=mc^2.

Einstein defined accelerate motion in terms of a curvature in space-time and a dynamic balance between mass and energy defined by the equation E=mc^2.  However when he used the constant velocity of light in that equation to define that balance he provided a method of converting a unit of space he associated with mass to a unit of acceleration he associated with energy.   Additionally because the velocity of light is constant he also defined a one to one quantitative correspondence between his space-time universe and one made up of four *spatial* dimensions.

In other words by defining the geometric properties of a space-time universe in terms of mass/energy and the constant velocity of light he provided a qualitative and quantitative means of redefining his space-time universe in terms of the geometry of four *spatial* dimensions.

As mentioned earlier Einstein’s equation E=mc^2 tells us there is a dynamic relationship between the geometric properties of our universe and mass/energy in that when one coverts mass to energy in a closed three-dimensional *spatial* environment, the space it is made up of expands while if one coverts energy to mass that environment contracts.

This is analogous to how the two-dimensional surface of a balloon either expands or contracts with respect to three-dimensional space when air (energy) is either added or removed from it.

Observations of our environment tell us that all forms of mass have a spatial component or volume and because of the equivalence defined by Einstein one must assume that energy also has a spatial component.  However, because the equation E=mc^2 uniquely defines the geometric properties of a space-time universe in terms of both energy and mass one can use it to convert or transpose the curvature in space-time Einstein’s associated with gravity and accelerated reference frames to a curvature or displacement in "surface" of a three-dimensional space manifold with respect to a fourth *spatial* dimensions

This fact that one can quantitatively derive the spatial properties of all forms of energy including that associated with constant motion in a space-time universe in terms of four *spatial* dimensions is one of the bases of assuming as was done in the article “Defining energy” Nov 27, 2007 that all forms of energy can be derived in terms of a spatial displacement in a “surface” of a three-dimensional space manifold with respect to a fourth *spatial* dimension.

One of the theoretical advantages to transposing Einstein space-time concepts to four *spatial* dimensions is that it allowsone define a common mechanism for the causality of gravity, acceleration, inertia and constant motion.

For example the article "Why Space-time?" Sept. 27, 2007 showed the energy associated with rest mass is directly proportional to the magnitude of a curvature or "depression" in a "surface" of a three-dimensional space manifold with respect to a fourth *spatial* dimension.  Additionally it was shown that one can derive the causality of all accelerations including gravitational in terms of an interaction of rest mass with the slope of a curvature in the "surface" of three-dimensional space caused by that displacement.

(This curvature is analogous to a curvature in a four-dimensional space-time manifold Einstein theorized was the causality of all accelerations.)

However as was shown in the article "Defining energy" there will be a 1 to 1 correspondence between an objects rest mass and the curvature in space associated with the energy required to make a unit change in its displacement with respect to a fourth *spatial* dimension.  Therefore the inertia of an object, as is confirmed by observations would be directly proportional to its rest mass if one assumes as was done in that article that causality of both is related to a displacement caused by a curvature in "surface" of a three-dimensional space manifold with respect to fourth *spatial* dimension.  This allows one to define the causality of inertia in terms of an interaction of the rest mass of an object with a curvature in a three-dimensional space manifold with respect to a four *spatial* dimensions.

This also to defines the causality of constant motion because according to the theoretical concepts presented in that articlethe energy associated with its momentum would be defined by a constant linear displacement of the depression associated with its rest mass in a "surface" of a three-dimensional space manifold with respect to a fourth *spatial* dimension.

Therefore motion will continue unchanged unless it interacts with the curved "surface" of three-dimensional space that article associated with accelerations. This allows one to define the casualty constant motion in terms of a linear or constant displacement in a "surface" of a three-dimensional space manifold with respect to a fourth *spatial* dimension.

However it also enables one to define causality of the relative properties of constant motion because according to the concepts develop in that article the momentum of an object in motion would be determined by the relative separation its three-dimensional "surface" has with respect to the three-dimensional "surface" of the object or measuring device used to determine its velocity.  In other words all motion is relative because its causality is directly related to the relative separation of its three-dimensional "surface" with respect to the three-dimension "surface" of another object or measuring device.

This defines a causal link between constant motion inertia, rest mass gravity and all accelerations in terms of an interaction of the "surfaces" of a three-dimensional space manifold and a fourth *spatial* dimension.

This cannot be done in terms of four dimensional space-time because it does not allow for the linear displacement of a "surface" of three-dimensional space with respect to a time dimension.

This shows how one can integrate the causality of a change in position associated with constant motion into our current scientific paradigms which are based almost entirely on causality and conceptually link it with Einstein’s concept of gravity and accelerate motion in terms of four *spatial* dimensions.

Additionally it allows one to fully integrate the Newtonian concept of motion or the change in position associated with it into our current scientific paradigms which are based almost entirely on causality

Later Jeff

Copyright Jeffrey O’Callaghan 2013

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Einstein in the address "Aether and the theory of Relativity" delivered on May 5th 1920 at the University of Leyden Germany he indicated that The General Theory of Relativity predicts, "space is endowed with physical qualities".

"Recapitulating, we may say that according to the General Theory of Relativity space is endowed with physical qualities; in this sense, therefore, there exists Aether.  According to the General Theory of Relativity space without Aether is unthinkable; for in such space there not only would be no propagation of light, but also no

possibility of existence for standards of space and time (measuring-rods and clocks), nor therefore any space-time intervals in the physical sense.  But this Aether may not be thought of as endowed with the quality characteristic of ponderable media, as consisting of parts, which may be tracked through time.  The idea of motion may not be applied to it."

But why have the best minds in the scientific community been unable devise an experiment to detect the physical properties of space that Einstein was so sure must exist.

The reason may be because they are not looking in the right direction. 

For example 1887 Albert Michelson and Edward Morley devised an experiment to detect the relative motion of matter through the stationary Aether ("Aether wind") by creating a device that  sent yellow light from a sodium flame through a half-silvered mirror that was used to split it into two beams traveling at right angles to one another. After leaving the splitter, the beams

traveled out to the ends of long arms where they were reflected back into the middle by small mirrors. They then recombined on the far side of the splitter in an eyepiece, producing a pattern of constructive and destructive interference. If the Earth is traveling through an Aether medium, a beam reflecting back and forth parallel to the flow of Aether would take longer than a beam reflecting perpendicular to the Aether because the time gained from traveling downwind is less than that lost traveling upwind., However they did not observe a fringe shift and therefore conclude that space did not contain the "medium" called Aether. The negative results are generally considered to be the first strong evidence against the then prevalent Aether theory, and initiated a line of research that eventually led to special relativity, in which the stationary Aether concept has no role.  The experiment has been referred to as "the moving-off point for the theoretical aspects of the Second Scientific Revolution".

However Einstein in his General Theory of Relativity did not endow space with the physical qualities of mass, he endowed it with the geometric properties of a space-time dimension.  Therefore when Einstein referred to space as having physical properties he was talking about the physical properties imparted to it by the geometry of space-time,

This suggests that the physical qualities Einstein was referring to in the statement "Recapitulating, we may say that according to the General Theory of Relativity space is endowed with physical qualities; in this sense, therefore, there exists Aether" was the geometric properties of space-time universe and not the physical properties of mass most including Albert Michelson and Edward Morley associated with the Aether.

The significance of changing one perspective form the Aether having the physical properties associated with mass to one of the geometric properties of space can be best understood if, as has been done many times in the Imagineer’s Chronicles one transposes Einstein’s space-time universe to one of four *spatial* dimensions. This is because one could use the physical properties of the spatial dimensions instead of the non physical properties of a time or space-time dimension to define the physical properties of Einstein’s Aether. 

Einstein made this possible when he derived the geometric properties space-time, energy and the dynamic balance between it and mass in terms of the constant velocity of light and the equation E=mc^2. 

For example he told us the energy associated with mass causes a curvature or contraction in the "surface" of space-time and when mass is converted to energy it causes the three dimensional properties of space-time to expand because of a decrease in its curvature he associated with that event. This expansion and contraction would be analogous to how the two dimensional "surface" of a balloon either expands of contract when air (energy) is added or taken away from it.

Observations of our environment tell us that all forms of mass have a spatial component or volume and because of the equivalence defined by Einstein one must assume that energy also has a spatial component.  However, because the equation E=mc^2 uniquely defines the geometric properties of a space-time universe in terms of both energy and mass one can use it to convert or transpose the curvature in space-time Einstein’s field equations associated with energy to one that would define the curvature in a four *spatial* dimensions he indirectly associated with the *spatial* properties of mass.

Additionally because the velocity of light is constant it allows for the defining of a one to one qualitative and quantitative correspondence between his space-time universe and one made up of four *spatial* dimensions.

This was the bases for assuming as was done in the article “Defining energy” Nov 27, 2007 that one can derive all forms of energy including those associated with velocities, mass and the medium Einstein was referring to in his address mentioned earlier in terms of a curvature or displacement in a "surface" of a three-dimensional space manifold with respect to a fourth *spatial* dimension instead of four dimensional space-time.

Einstein in his address he gave at the University of Leyden was careful to define the "quality characteristics" of the physical medium his General Theory of Relativity tells us space must be endowed with.  Specifically he said that it could not consist of parts, which could be tracked though time.  This would be true for both the geometric properties of space-time and four *spatial* dimension because by definition their geometry is continuous and therefore they do not have "parts which may be tracked through time".

As mentioned earlier Einstein’s General Theory of Relativity defined the physical of qualities of mass in terms of the geometry of space-time.  However because he defined an equivalence between all forms of energy and mass we must also assume the energy associated with velocity is also related to the geometric properties of space.

However as was shown above one can use Einstein’s equations to define a one to one qualitative and quantitative correspondence between his space-time universe and one consisting of four *spatial* dimensions.

Therefore according to the theoretical concepts presented in the article “Defining energy” which defined energy in terms of four *spatial* dimensions instead of four dimensional space-time, the energy associated with the "quality characteristic of ponderable media" Einstein referred to in his address and its motion through his space-time universe could also be defined by a geometric displacement in a "surface" of a three-dimensional space manifold with respect to a fourth *spatial* dimension. 

Yet as was mentioned earlier defining energy in terms the of physical properties of a spatial dimension instead of a time or space-time dimension allows one to understand the physical properties of Einstein’s Aether because one can apply the rules of spatial geometry to it.

For example the *spatial* displacement associated with center of the inertial reference frame Albert Michelson and Edward Morley used to conduct their experiment would be centered on the point similar to the way geometry of a circle is centered on a point at its center.

However, this means the "idea of motion may not be applied to it" similar to how the idea of motion cannot be applied to the center of a circle with respect to its circumference because if was it could it would no longer be its center.

Additionally if one defines energy associated with medium Albert Michelson and Edward Morley were trying to detect in terms of the geometric properties of four *spatial* dimensions as was done in the article "Defining energy" it would be an integral part of that geometry and the idea of motion could not be applied to it for the same reason as one could not apply the idea of motion to the center of a circle with respect to its circumference.

This is not possible in a space-time environment because the linear progression or flow of time does not allow one to define energy of a point associated with the relative center of an inertial reference frame with respect to the spatial geometry of that reference frame.

This suggests that the Aether or the medium Einstein said must exist to support the propagation of light, and the existence for standards of space and time is a physical property of the geometry of space and not that of an independent element as is suggested by the modern interpretation of the Albert Michelson and Edward Morley.

Later Jeff

Copyright Jeffrey O’Callaghan 2013

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