On can define a common unifying mechanism responsible for gravitational kinetic and electromagnetic forces in terms of a displacement in a “surface” of a three-dimensional space manifold with respect to a fourth *spatial* dimension.

The article “Defining Energy” Nov. 26, 2007 showed it is more consistent with observations to define gravitational and kinetic energy in terms of a curvature or displacement in a “surface” of a three-dimensional space manifold with respect to a fourth *spatial* than defining them in terms of a curvature in a four-dimension space-time manifold.

While in the in the article “The Photon: a matter wave?” Oct 1, 2007 it was shown electromagnetic properties of a photon could be explained and predicted in terms of a resonant “system” formed by a matterwave moving on a “surface” of a three-dimensional space manifold with respect to a fourth *spatial* dimension.

(Louis de Broglie was the first to theorize that all particles including a photon were composed of a matter wave.  His theories were confirmed by the discovery of electron diffraction by crystals in 1927 by Davisson and Germer.)

However, it can be shown the displacement caused by the peaks and troughs of a matterwave moving on a “surface” of a three-dimensional space manifold define a connection between gravitational and electromagnetic forces.

A wave on the two-dimensional surface of water causes a point on that surface to be become displaced or rise above or below the equilibrium point that existed before the wave was present.  A force will be developed by the differential displacement of the surfaces, which will result in the elevated and depressed portions of the water to move towards or become “attracted” to each other.

Similarly a matter wave on the “surface” of a three-dimensional space manifold with respect to a fourth *spatial* dimension would cause a point on that “surface” to become displaced or rise above and below the equilibrium point that existed before the wave was present on that “surface”.

As was shown in the article “The Photon: a matter wave?” the force developed along a “surface” of a three-dimensional space manifold by this displacement is responsible for both the electromagnetic wave and particle properties of a photon.

As was mentioned earlier, gravitational and kinetic forces can be defined in terms of a displacement in a “surface” of a three-dimensional space manifold with respect to a fourth *spatial* dimension.  They differ from electromagnetic forces in that they are a result, of unidirectional displacement of a “surface” of a three-dimensional space manifold, while electromagnetic forces are a result of a bidirectional one.

The causality of the attractive forces of unlike charges is definable in terms of the force developed by a differential displacement of a point on a “surface” of a three-dimensional space manifold with respect to a fourth *spatial* dimension.

This force would be analogous to the force developed by a spatial displacement in the surfaces of water, which as mentioned earlier causes the elevated and depressed portions to move towards or become “attracted” to the surface.

However, it also provides a physical mechanism for understanding why similar charges repel each other because observations of water show that there is a direct relationship between the magnitudes of a force causing a displacement in its surface to the magnitude of the force resisting that displacement.

Similarly the magnitude of the force generated by a displacement in a “surface” of a three-dimensional space manifold with respect to a fourth *spatial* dimension caused by two similar charges will be greater than that caused by a single electrical charge.  Therefore, similar charges will repel each other because the magnitude of the force resisting the displacement will be greater for two charges than it would be for a single charge.

This shows it is possible to define a common unifying mechanism responsible for the properties of gravitational kinetic and electromagnetic forces in terms of a displacement in a “surface” of a three-dimensional space manifold with respect to a fourth *spatial* dimensions.

Later Jeff

The “Shadows” of four spatial dimensions

Copyright 2008 Jeffrey O’Callaghan

1 Comment to “Unification of gravitational and electrical forces”

1. untotDyent — 08/03/2008 @ 12:43 pm
   

   Very nice!!

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